本文選題：植物遺傳資源　切入點(diǎn)：國(guó)際協(xié)調(diào)　出處：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展,植物遺傳資源日益成為了一項(xiàng)重要的戰(zhàn)略資源。縱觀全球,植物生物技術(shù)主要為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家所掌握,而植物遺傳材料卻大量集中于發(fā)展中國(guó)家。這導(dǎo)致兩者在遺傳材料利用成果的分享上形成了利益沖突與博弈。本文共分三章。第一章探討植物遺傳資源利用與利益平衡。在舊的國(guó)際法律體制下,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家利用植物遺傳資源國(guó)際法律地位不清以及知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的國(guó)際擴(kuò)張,通過(guò)生物剽竊方式竊取了本應(yīng)由發(fā)展中國(guó)家所享有的利益份額,同時(shí)加劇了生物多樣性危機(jī)和環(huán)境等問(wèn)題,導(dǎo)致利益失衡。在此背景下,一系列以合理分享利益、限制知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)過(guò)度擴(kuò)張的國(guó)際努力得到了持續(xù)開(kāi)展。第二章著重研究植物遺傳資源利用中的國(guó)際協(xié)調(diào)。1992年《生物多樣性公約》的通過(guò)確認(rèn)了國(guó)家對(duì)于植物遺傳資源主權(quán)權(quán)利,為發(fā)展中國(guó)家參與利益分配奠定了基礎(chǔ)。此外,該公約還建立了以事先知情同意和共同商定條件為主要內(nèi)容的植物遺傳資源利用國(guó)際雙邊機(jī)制,推動(dòng)成員間以協(xié)議方式解決植物遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享。但是在實(shí)踐中,由于操作上的困難以及協(xié)議雙方在信息和能力方面的不對(duì)稱(chēng),看似公平的雙邊機(jī)制卻可能造成實(shí)際的不公平,進(jìn)而遭到了一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家的批評(píng)。這些國(guó)家尋求建立一個(gè)獲取和惠益分享的國(guó)際體制,以克服雙邊機(jī)制的上述缺陷。這一談判過(guò)程歷時(shí)漫長(zhǎng),隨著2010年《名古屋議定書(shū)》的達(dá)成,才終于原則性地確認(rèn)了建立全球多邊惠益分享機(jī)制的需要。而與此緩慢進(jìn)展相對(duì)的是,在農(nóng)業(yè)和糧食植物遺傳資源領(lǐng)域,鑒于其對(duì)人類(lèi)的特別重要性,聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織在2001年便通過(guò)了《糧食和農(nóng)業(yè)植物遺傳資國(guó)際條約》,確立了該類(lèi)植物遺傳資源利用的國(guó)際多邊機(jī)制。此外,考慮到知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)是遺傳資源商業(yè)化利用的主要方面,上述兩大機(jī)制實(shí)效的發(fā)揮程度還有賴(lài)于其與現(xiàn)行國(guó)際知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度(主要是《與貿(mào)易相關(guān)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)定》)的協(xié)調(diào)。這一方面的國(guó)際談判和學(xué)術(shù)研討已經(jīng)有所開(kāi)展。第三章扼要論述我國(guó)的有關(guān)立法及改進(jìn)的建議。我國(guó)作為一個(gè)植物遺傳資源大國(guó),已加入《生物多樣性公約》并積極參與了相關(guān)國(guó)際談判,同時(shí)也在植物遺傳資源利益保護(hù)的國(guó)內(nèi)立法方面作出了一系列努力,比如新近對(duì)《專(zhuān)利法》及其實(shí)施細(xì)則以及《專(zhuān)利審查指南》的修訂便是一例。但是,我國(guó)目前的法律體系在邏輯體系上并不十分嚴(yán)密,仍有完善和改進(jìn)的空間。此外,我國(guó)作為一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó),尚未加入《糧食和農(nóng)業(yè)植物遺傳資源國(guó)際條約》,應(yīng)當(dāng)權(quán)衡加入的利弊而作出理性選擇。
[Abstract]:With the development of biotechnology, plant genetic resources have become an important strategic resource. However, plant genetic materials are concentrated in developing countries, which leads to the conflict of interests and game in the sharing of the results of genetic material utilization. This paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the utilization and benefit of plant genetic resources. Balance of interests. Under the old international legal system, Developed countries have exploited the unclear international legal status of plant genetic resources and the international expansion of intellectual property regimes to steal the share of benefits that should have been enjoyed by developing countries through biological plagiarism, At the same time, it exacerbates the biodiversity crisis and environmental problems, resulting in an imbalance of interests. In this context, a series of benefits are shared reasonably, International efforts to limit the excessive expansion of intellectual property rights have been sustained. Chapter II focuses on international coordination in the use of plant genetic resources. The adoption of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity recognized the sovereign right of States over plant genetic resources, Providing a basis for developing countries to participate in the distribution of benefits... in addition, the Convention establishes an international bilateral mechanism for the utilization of plant genetic resources, with prior informed consent and mutually agreed conditions as the main elements, Facilitate the resolution of access to and benefit-sharing of plant genetic resources by agreement among members. In practice, however, due to operational difficulties and asymmetries between the parties to the agreement in terms of information and capabilities, Bilateral mechanisms that appear to be fair can create real inequities, which in turn have been criticized by a number of developing countries that seek to establish an international system of access and benefit-sharing, To overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of the bilateral mechanism. This negotiating process took a long time, with the conclusion of the Nagoya Protocol of 2010, Finally recognizing, in principle, the need for a global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism and, in contrast to slow progress, in the area of agricultural and food plant genetic resources, given their particular importance to humankind, In 2001, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, establishing an international multilateral mechanism for the utilization of such plant genetic resources. In addition, considering that intellectual property rights are the main aspect of the commercial use of genetic resources, The effectiveness of these two mechanisms also depends on their coordination with the existing international intellectual property system (mainly the Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of intellectual property Rights). Chapter III briefly discusses the relevant legislation and suggestions for improvement in China. As a large country of plant genetic resources, Having acceded to the Convention on Biological Diversity and actively participated in relevant international negotiations, and has made a number of efforts in the area of domestic legislation for the protection of the interests of plant genetic resources, For example, the recent revision of the Patent Law and its implementing rules and the Patent Review Guide is an example. However, the current legal system in China is not very strict in its logical system, and there is still room for improvement and improvement. As a traditional agricultural country, China has not yet joined the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Grain and Agriculture, so we should weigh the advantages and disadvantages of accession and make a rational choice.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D997.1

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