發(fā)布時間：2018-02-26 12:52

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 占據(jù) 領土取得 低潮高地 海洋法 領土爭端成案　出處：《武漢大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：關(guān)于領土取得,傳統(tǒng)理論一般分為先占、時效、添附、割讓、征服五種"方式",這當中含有真理,但與實際適用的規(guī)則存在較大區(qū)別。20世紀以來,國際法院等司法機構(gòu)對一系列領土爭端案件作出的司法判例形成了當代國際法上領土取得規(guī)則的重要淵源。隨著地球表面易于控制的土地進一步減少,19世紀的"有效占領"規(guī)則在20世紀的實踐中表現(xiàn)出一些新特點,其中之一即對于島礁的取得,國家活動"有效性"(對于領土取得)的評價標準在實際控制的要求上有所降低,有時數(shù)量極少、程度極弱但被認為具有法律關(guān)聯(lián)的國家活動就能夠被評價為發(fā)生領土取得效果的有效行為。在國家的領土主權(quán)主張進一步向海洋地物延伸的過程中,低潮高地可否被據(jù)為領土于是成為有爭議的問題。本文首先在司法判例的基礎上歸納了 20世紀以來形成的以"有效管轄活動"(effectivites)為中心的領土取得規(guī)則在海洋地物取得中的特點,旨在闡明能夠產(chǎn)生領土取得效果的主權(quán)活動在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量上的標準是與對象領土的實際自然狀況相適應的標準,數(shù)量極少、程度極弱的國家活動也能夠創(chuàng)設主權(quán)。其次,著眼于考察低潮高地制度在條約法,主要是海洋法的編纂和發(fā)展中的產(chǎn)生和確立過程,辨明低潮高地制度始終是在領海和領海基線問題項下討論,并且多與島嶼相比較,最終確立的制度賦予它們相似但不同的定義,而海洋權(quán)利方面的規(guī)定相差甚大;同時辨明領海制度不同于領土取得;總之,海洋法未就低潮高地可否被據(jù)為領土做出規(guī)定。接著,考察20世紀以來國際法院等處理的領土爭端案件當中有關(guān)低潮高地可否被據(jù)為領土的問題,分析當事國和裁判機構(gòu)在"卡塔爾訴巴林""尼加拉瓜訴哥倫比亞""厄立特里亞和也門"等案中對這一問題的處理,指明司法判例的準確結(jié)論是低潮高地自身可否被據(jù)為領土的問題結(jié)論待定,且低潮高地可作為群島組成部分被據(jù)為領土。然后,辨析"高潮時沒入水中"與低潮高地可否被據(jù)為領土的關(guān)系,認為該特性不足以否認低潮高地自身可被據(jù)為領土;另一方面,"整體"理論有適用上的合法性,低潮高地可作為群島組成部分被據(jù)為領土。最后,本文結(jié)論認為,低潮高地自身或作為群島組成部分可被據(jù)為領土均有基礎。
[Abstract]:About the acquisition of territory, the traditional theory can be divided into pre empt, aging, accession, cession, the conquest of the five "way", which contains the truth, since the.20 century, but there is a big difference with the actual applied rules, the International Court of the judiciary on a series of territorial disputes as a judicial precedent has formed an important source of contemporary international law on territorial acquisition rules. Along with the earth's surface is easy to control the land is further reduced, the nineteenth Century "effective occupation" rules show some new features in the twentieth Century practice, one of which is to get reefs, validity of the national "activities" (for territorial acquisition criteria) were reduced in the actual control requirements, sometimes the number is very small, but very weak degree is considered to have legal related national activities can be evaluated as territorial effect of effective behavior. In the country's territorial sovereignty and A further extension to the ocean surface during low tide elevations can be according to the territory became a controversial issue. Based on the judicial precedents to conclude the "effective jurisdiction of activities since twentieth Century the formation of" (effectivites) as the center of the territorial acquisition rules in marine objects to obtain the characteristics, aims to clarify to achieve effect of sovereign territory activities in quantity and quality standard is in accordance with the actual situation of the natural object of the territory, the number is very small, very weak country activities can also create sovereignty. Second, focus on the effects of low tide elevations system in the law of treaties, mainly the codification and development of the law of the sea the emergence and establishment process, identify the time of high system is always discussed in the territorial waters and territorial sea baseline problem, and compared with the island, eventually establish the system to give them. Similar but different definitions, and marine rights provisions vary greatly; at the same time to identify the territorial sea system is different from the acquisition of territory; in short, the law of the sea is not low tide elevations can be according to the provisions for the territory. Then, since the case study in twentieth Century, the International Court of the territorial dispute processing parts on low tide elevations can be according to the territory the problem analysis of the parties and the referee organization at the Qatar v. Bahrain "Nicaragua v. Columbia" Eritrea and Yemen "in the case of this problem, the accurate conclusion indicates judicial precedent is the low tide heights itself can be according to the territorial issue pending conclusion, and can be used as the time of high islands is according to the territory. Then, the analysis of the" tide submerged "and low tide elevations can be according to the relationship of the territory, that this feature is not enough to deny themselves can be according to the low tide elevations for territory; On the other hand, the "holistic" theory has the legitimacy of application. The low tide heights can be regarded as a part of the archipelago.

【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D993.5

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本文編號：1538090