中國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度改革研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-04-22 19:28
本文選題:煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài) + 法律制度改革。 參考:《吉林大學(xué)》2012年博士論文
【摘要】:煙草業(yè)產(chǎn)生以來(lái)一直受到世界各國(guó)政府的嚴(yán)格規(guī)制。專(zhuān)賣(mài)管理和壟斷經(jīng)營(yíng)是國(guó)家實(shí)施規(guī)制的一種特殊的重要形式。近代以來(lái),政府對(duì)市場(chǎng)實(shí)施規(guī)制的理論和實(shí)踐直接影響和決定了煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的演進(jìn)和變革。20世紀(jì)80、90年代以來(lái),煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度在世界各國(guó)發(fā)生著廣泛而深刻的變革,煙草在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的規(guī)制逐步放松,在社會(huì)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的規(guī)制卻逐步加強(qiáng),煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)民營(yíng)化改革已經(jīng)成為世界煙草產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的潮流趨勢(shì)。中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期實(shí)行的煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)帶來(lái)了地方封鎖、惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、效率低下等諸多弊端,中國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的局限性越來(lái)越明顯。世界煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的變革趨勢(shì)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度帶來(lái)了新的挑戰(zhàn),煙草產(chǎn)業(yè)民營(yíng)化改革已經(jīng)成為了一種現(xiàn)實(shí)的選擇?梢灶A(yù)計(jì),改革煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度是一件必然的事情,,但政府對(duì)煙草業(yè)的規(guī)制還會(huì)繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)。煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)民營(yíng)化就是要將煙草行業(yè)從行政性壟斷變革為經(jīng)濟(jì)性壟斷,煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度改革就是要建構(gòu)有利于加強(qiáng)煙草產(chǎn)業(yè)行政規(guī)制的法律制度環(huán)境。全文共分五章。 第一章,主要介紹了煙草行政規(guī)制的理論依據(jù),回顧了行政規(guī)制的歷史變遷和必然規(guī)律,闡述了煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)的概念和立法現(xiàn)狀。首先,解讀政府加強(qiáng)煙草行政法律規(guī)制的理論根據(jù)是出于公民健康、減控外部性和財(cái)稅保障的需要。其次,介紹行政法律規(guī)制在資本主義不同階段呈現(xiàn)出不同的歷史特征,重商主義時(shí)期:嚴(yán)格規(guī)制;自由放任時(shí)期:基本規(guī)制;福利國(guó)家時(shí)期:全面規(guī)制;新自由主義時(shí)期:有限規(guī)制。分析行政規(guī)制演變的一般規(guī)律,以揭示行政規(guī)制與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的互動(dòng)影響。再次,介紹煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)的基本概念和特征,闡述中國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)的立法現(xiàn)狀和國(guó)外煙草的規(guī)制現(xiàn)狀。本文認(rèn)為,煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)僅是煙草法律規(guī)制的一種方式,煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)是特定時(shí)期、特定社會(huì)階段的需要和產(chǎn)物,煙草行政規(guī)制在民營(yíng)化后仍會(huì)得到加強(qiáng)。 第二章,主要介紹世界煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的歷史變遷,梳理中國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的歷史演進(jìn)。首先,介紹了世界煙草和中國(guó)煙草產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展和演變,闡述煙草這一特殊產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀。其次,梳理世界各國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的形成發(fā)展過(guò)程,介紹世界各國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度遭遇的民營(yíng)化背景,闡述煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度改革的具體過(guò)程。再次,介紹中國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的形成發(fā)展過(guò)程,介紹當(dāng)前中國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度面臨的民營(yíng)化背景,把握中國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的歷史特征和發(fā)展走向。 第三章,深度解讀日本煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制的變革過(guò)程和立法參考價(jià)值。日本1904年《煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法》,為適應(yīng)籌措軍費(fèi)的需要,確立了生產(chǎn)專(zhuān)營(yíng)制度、進(jìn)口專(zhuān)營(yíng)制度、煙葉許可和全部收購(gòu)制度、煙草制品專(zhuān)營(yíng)制度。1948年《日本專(zhuān)賣(mài)公社法》、1949年《煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法》,為適應(yīng)戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)民主化需要,確立了公社政企合一制度、國(guó)家控制干預(yù)制度、公社董事會(huì)管理制度、煙葉許可與全額收購(gòu)制度、煙草生產(chǎn)專(zhuān)營(yíng)制度、煙草進(jìn)出口專(zhuān)營(yíng)管控制度、指定零售商制度、統(tǒng)一零售定價(jià)制度、進(jìn)貨渠道管控制度。1984年的《煙草事業(yè)法》和《日本煙草產(chǎn)業(yè)股份公司法》,為適應(yīng)開(kāi)放市場(chǎng)、實(shí)施民營(yíng)化需要,確立了政企分開(kāi)的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理制度、政府的股權(quán)控制制度、政府的行政干預(yù)制度、煙葉收購(gòu)合同制和全額收購(gòu)制、煙葉審議會(huì)制度和煙葉耕種工會(huì)制度、煙草制品獨(dú)家生產(chǎn)制度、進(jìn)口業(yè)務(wù)許可制度、批發(fā)銷(xiāo)售許可制度、零售許可制度、零售價(jià)格統(tǒng)一制度、最高批發(fā)價(jià)格審批制度、資格繼承制度。這些漸進(jìn)式立法改革對(duì)我國(guó)煙草法律制度的改革重構(gòu)提供了現(xiàn)實(shí)范式和直接參考。 第四章,深度分析中國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)各項(xiàng)法律制度的局限性。行政計(jì)劃法律制度造成煙草資源配置不合理和總體結(jié)構(gòu)不平衡,束縛了煙草企業(yè)擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)規(guī)模的發(fā)展空間;財(cái)政稅收法律制度,將稅種與地方利益綁定的做法,客觀上固化了地方利益割據(jù)和地方保護(hù)主義;政企合一法律制度造成維護(hù)市場(chǎng)公平與追求經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的價(jià)值目標(biāo)混同,煙草行政管理趨向于企業(yè)效益最大化,煙草企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)趨向于行政化,市場(chǎng)調(diào)配資源的機(jī)能發(fā)生扭曲;行政壟斷法律制度中不當(dāng)措施的使用實(shí)際上是行政自由裁量權(quán)的擴(kuò)大化引起的,已經(jīng)背離了國(guó)家壟斷的宗旨,正在悄然的侵蝕著煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)的基石;價(jià)格管理法律制度引發(fā)了品牌雜亂、價(jià)格波動(dòng),零售市場(chǎng)秩序混亂,煙葉種植者和零售戶(hù)利益難以保障。加入WTO、WHO,使得煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度面臨更大的壓力和挑戰(zhàn)。 第五章,論述我國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的改革思路和具體設(shè)計(jì)。首先,分析我國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度的改革必然性和目標(biāo)定位。本文認(rèn)為,要在一個(gè)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的過(guò)渡時(shí)期內(nèi)堅(jiān)持、調(diào)整和完善煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度,隨后,要有規(guī)劃、有條件、分階段地對(duì)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律制度進(jìn)行改革。一旦改革專(zhuān)賣(mài)制度,將最大程度地保留專(zhuān)賣(mài)制度的合理成分,保持政策制度層面的穩(wěn)定性、連續(xù)性和完整性。其次,論述我國(guó)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)民營(yíng)化的路徑和模式。比較域外煙草民營(yíng)化改革模式的優(yōu)劣差異,選擇最適合我國(guó)歷史社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)法制環(huán)境的改革模式,即穩(wěn)步漸進(jìn)式:以漸進(jìn)、連續(xù)、穩(wěn)妥為主要特點(diǎn)的日本、法國(guó)模式。再次,闡述改革相關(guān)配套法律制度改革,包括壟斷制度、計(jì)劃制度、財(cái)稅制度、價(jià)格制度的改革思路和具體設(shè)計(jì)。第四,推進(jìn)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)企業(yè)的民營(yíng)化改造,推進(jìn)以國(guó)家控股為主導(dǎo)的股份公司化改革。將煙草行業(yè)從計(jì)劃色彩濃厚的行政性壟斷改為符合市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)規(guī)則的經(jīng)濟(jì)性壟斷。第五,闡述煙草行政管理法律制度改革,調(diào)整煙草規(guī)制的法律授權(quán),利于現(xiàn)實(shí)管理的需要。最后,設(shè)計(jì)煙草專(zhuān)賣(mài)法律改革的立法框架,調(diào)整民營(yíng)化后經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制方式,加強(qiáng)民營(yíng)化后社會(huì)性規(guī)制內(nèi)容,建立完善的煙草行政規(guī)制法律制度體系。
[Abstract]:Since the 1980s and 1990s , the regulation of tobacco monopoly law system has become the trend of the development of tobacco industry .
The first chapter introduces the theoretical basis of tobacco administrative regulation , reviews the historical changes and inevitable rules of administrative regulation , expounds the concept of tobacco monopoly and the current situation of legislation . Firstly , it explains the need of government to strengthen the regulation of tobacco administrative law . Secondly , it introduces the different historical characteristics of administrative legal regulation in different stages of capitalism .
Free period : basic regulation ;
Welfare state period : comprehensive regulation ;
The new liberalism period : the limited regulation . The general rule of the evolution of administrative regulation is analyzed to reveal the interactive influence of administrative regulation and economic and social development .
The second chapter introduces the historical evolution of the legal system of tobacco monopoly in the world . First , it introduces the development and evolution of tobacco monopoly law system in the world , and expounds the development of tobacco monopoly law system . Secondly , it introduces the development process of tobacco monopoly law system in the world , and introduces the development process of tobacco monopoly law system in the world , and introduces the historical characteristics and development trend of tobacco monopoly law system in China .
In the third chapter , the reform process and the legislative reference value of Japanese tobacco monopoly law system are explained in depth . In 1904 , in order to meet the needs of financing military expenditure , the article establishes the system of management and management system , the system of the government and enterprise , the system of tobacco monopoly control , the system of licensing and full acquisition of tobacco products , the uniform system of tobacco production , the approval system of wholesale price and the system of qualification inheritance . These gradual legislative reforms provide a realistic paradigm and direct reference for the reform and reconstruction of tobacco legal system in China .
In chapter 4 , the limitation of the legal system of tobacco monopoly in China is analyzed in depth . The legal system of administrative planning leads to unreasonable allocation of tobacco resources and unbalanced overall structure , which limits the development space of tobacco enterprises to enlarge the market scale ;
The fiscal and taxation legal system , which binds the taxes and local interests , objectively solidifies local interests and local protectionism ;
The legal system of government and enterprise creates the value goal of maintaining market equity and pursuing economic benefits , tobacco administrative management tends to maximize enterprise benefit , tobacco enterprise management tends to be administrative , and the function of market allocation resource is distorted ;
The use of improper measures in administrative monopoly law system is actually caused by the enlargement of administrative discretion , which has deviated from the purpose of national monopoly , which is eroding the cornerstone of tobacco monopoly quietly ;
The price management legal system has led to the confusion of brand , price fluctuation , confusion of retail market order , the difficulty in safeguarding the interests of tobacco growers and retail investors . After joining WTO , WHO has made tobacco monopoly law system more pressure and challenge .
Chapter five discusses the reform thought and the concrete design of the legal system of tobacco monopoly in our country . First , it analyzes the necessity and target position of the legal system of tobacco monopoly .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】:D922.29;D922.1;F721
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 李順;煙草銷(xiāo)售管理系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)[D];廈門(mén)大學(xué);2013年
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