本文關(guān)鍵詞： 公益律師 法律 法治 Cause lawyer 中國(guó)　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：伴隨著當(dāng)代社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)型,法律地位的變化使得重新定義司法規(guī)則和公民之間的關(guān)系成為可能。這一表現(xiàn)是現(xiàn)代民主制度實(shí)現(xiàn)的重要參考。在法律的社會(huì)地位和社會(huì)表征之間,法律從業(yè)者占據(jù)了重要的位置,尤其是律師群體,在法律和社會(huì)之間建構(gòu)了一種可以交換資源的平臺(tái)和紐帶。他們成為政治活動(dòng)的重要參與者。在這一類型的活動(dòng)中,法律從業(yè)者所擁有的司法資源成為十分重要的能力,如大案律師(Cause Lawyer)的研究思潮就是這種研究取向的重要表達(dá),積極投入社會(huì)活動(dòng)的律師群體,其背后動(dòng)機(jī)也集中在此。與全球化過程中所觀察到的致力于法律地位轉(zhuǎn)型的研究形成呼應(yīng)的是,這種新的司法系統(tǒng),以及法律在社會(huì)控制中的角色地位,正在成為政治發(fā)展的重要參考系。西方的學(xué)者們正在嘗試重新定義司法和法律的功能,以美國(guó)的法律人群體研究(legal profession)最為突出。在歐洲,受大陸法系的影響,法律政治社會(huì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者,傾向?qū)⒎陕殬I(yè)群體所表現(xiàn)出來的政治屬性所具有的司法和法律的新角色和功能,稱之為“政治的司法化”。對(duì)一些研究者來說,這是從立法和執(zhí)法的研究角度轉(zhuǎn)移到司法的研究角度,從而確保政治規(guī)則在其中占有一席之地。以律師群體為代表的法律人,在社會(huì)建構(gòu)層面所具有的功能,不僅來自于其職業(yè)本身所具有法理型權(quán)威,也來自參與社會(huì)規(guī)則制定本身的策略與方式。在這二者之間,存在一種長(zhǎng)久的張力——從上至下的絕對(duì)理性制造(Top-Down),以及從下至上的社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)與社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型(Bottom-up))。在西方社會(huì),傳統(tǒng)的司法世界賦予了法律一種特權(quán),促使法律條文承擔(dān)起形而上的絕對(duì)社會(huì)理性(law in book)。實(shí)際上,這一絕對(duì)理性的代表特權(quán),忽略了或者說將社會(huì)自發(fā)產(chǎn)生的規(guī)則邊緣化。社會(huì)的法律,這一概念源自社會(huì)本身,由社會(huì)制造,被社會(huì)激活,沉浸在社會(huì)當(dāng)中。這一點(diǎn)在中國(guó)的律師群體中表現(xiàn)更為明顯。受中國(guó)本土傳統(tǒng)的廣義“法律”概念的影響,律師群體所具有的職業(yè)倫理不僅受到西方絕對(duì)法理性的影響,也受到傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)司法文化與風(fēng)俗的影響,律師的職業(yè)活動(dòng)更多的表現(xiàn)為調(diào)節(jié)和非訴業(yè)務(wù),以及這一類型職業(yè)活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)規(guī)則——行動(dòng)中的法(law in action)。而在傳統(tǒng)的法理學(xué)領(lǐng)域,在長(zhǎng)期的研究中,這一社會(huì)自身的法律是不被正式認(rèn)可的。尤其是在社會(huì)公共利益領(lǐng)域,這一法律層面的緊張關(guān)系在政治層面,也產(chǎn)生了相應(yīng)的政治秩序與之呼應(yīng):即由上而下的規(guī)則制定形式,和一種已經(jīng)實(shí)踐或未完成的由下而上的規(guī)則制定形式。具體表現(xiàn)在群體性事件中,如城市拆遷事件中或案件中,律師參與動(dòng)拆遷也具有兩種不同的模式:律師作為調(diào)解者,配合政府部門化解拆遷人與被拆遷人的矛盾;律師作為維權(quán)者,支持被拆遷人對(duì)拆遷人進(jìn)行訴訟。參與的律師也具有明顯的分類特征,受雇于政府的律師群體,以及作為社會(huì)自由職業(yè)者的律師群體,在參與方式的選擇上具有很大的不同。本文所選取的社會(huì)公益律師,因此也具有多重含義,這一名詞既包含政府律師,也包含社會(huì)律師。就起維護(hù)社會(huì)公益的功能來說,二者都具有一定的積極作用,然而由于其采取的具體措施有所不同,與西方法社會(huì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域所討論的cause lawyer,存在明顯的差別。Cause lawyer主要是通過社會(huì)化的行動(dòng)策略,將法律領(lǐng)域的案件,變成社會(huì)領(lǐng)域的事件,其更加側(cè)重于從上至下的模式。而中國(guó)的公益律師,則更多的表現(xiàn)為在體制內(nèi),或法律領(lǐng)域本身采取司法的策略,配合社會(huì)化的策略,從而將社會(huì)問題轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樗痉▎栴}進(jìn)而解決。除此之外,這一論文的研究視角還反思了在全球化過程中所展現(xiàn)出來的西方中心主義的衰落,以及中國(guó)本土化研究路徑所展示的特殊性。一方面,隨著全球化的不斷發(fā)展,強(qiáng)勢(shì)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)營(yíng)者的權(quán)力壓制策略得到全面認(rèn)同。另一方面文明社會(huì)中的抵抗機(jī)制也在全球范圍內(nèi)得到傳播。在西方中心主義的影響下,法律被看做是其強(qiáng)加規(guī)范體系給其他文化的重要工具,中國(guó)的律師群體一方面由于其與政治團(tuán)體的緊密關(guān)系(律師事務(wù)所國(guó)有化以及文革中斷)受到西方法律傳統(tǒng)對(duì)其專業(yè)性的質(zhì)疑。另一方面,律師在中國(guó)的興起作為西方文化舶來品之一,從其誕生之初就受到傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)法律文化——訟師的影響,這一影響,在律師群體高度市場(chǎng)化的發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)下,滋生了商業(yè)化對(duì)社會(huì)正義的侵蝕。這兩方面都構(gòu)成了本文所展現(xiàn)出來轉(zhuǎn)型期中國(guó)律師群體所具有的特殊性。
[Abstract]:Along with the transformation of contemporary society, change the legal status of the redefinition of the relationship between judicial rules and citizens as possible. This performance is an important reference to realize the modern democracy. Between social status and social representation of law, legal practitioners occupy an important position, especially in the legal community, between law and society the construction of the platform and link a can exchange resources. They become an important participant in political activity. In this type of activity, legal practitioners have judicial resources ability to become very important, such as major lawyer (Cause Lawyer) is the important expression of the trend of research orientation, actively involved in social activities the lawyers, the motives behind it also focus on this. With the globalization process observed in working on the legal status of the transformation form echo is this The judicial system, and the role of law in social control, is becoming an important reference system of political development. Western scholars are trying to redefine the judicial and legal functions, in order to study the legal person group in the United States (legal profession) is the most prominent. In Europe, the influence of continental law, field the law of political sociology scholars tend to new roles and functions of judicial and legal attribute of political legal occupation group is shown with the called "judicial" politics. For some researchers, which is transferred to the judicial research angle from the angle of legislation and law enforcement, and to ensure that the political rules in which the legal person occupies a space for one person. As a lawyer on behalf of the group, the level of social construction has the function, not only from the occupation itself has legal authority, but also from participation in society Strategies and methods of rules. In these two, there is a long - tension from top to bottom absolute rational manufacturing (Top-Down), as well as from the social movement and social transformation under the supremacy of the (Bottom-up)). In western society, the traditional judicial world given a legal privilege the law, assume absolute social rational metaphysical (Law in book). In fact, the absolute reason represents privilege, neglected or marginalized social rules will arise spontaneously. The laws of the society, the concept of the body from the social, the social manufacture, social activation, immersed in the society at this point in the China lawyer group is more obvious. Influenced by the generalized concept of "law" Chinese local traditional, with lawyers occupation ethics not only by the influence of Western absolute rational law, but also by the traditional Effect of judicial culture and customs, the lawyer's occupation activities more performance for the regulation and non litigation business, and this type of occupation activity generated by the social rule of law in action (Law in action). In the field of traditional jurisprudence, in long-term studies, the society itself is legal not being officially recognized. Especially in the field of social and public interests, the legal aspects of the tension at the political level, but also produced a corresponding political order with echo: and that is the way of making rules, and a bottom-up rule or practice has not completed the formulation of specific performance in the group. Events, such as city demolition events or cases, lawyers involved in the demolition also has two different modes: the lawyer as a mediator, cooperate with government departments to resolve the demolition and demolition contradictions; as a lawyer Right, support the demolition action of the demolition. In the lawyer also has the obvious characteristics of the classification, employed by the government lawyers, as well as the social freedom of occupation of lawyers, it is very different in the choice of the mode. This article selects the social public interest lawyers, it also has multiple meaning, the term includes government lawyers, but also includes social lawyers. On the maintenance of the social welfare function, have certain positive effect in two, but due to the specific measures taken are different, and the western law society study in the field of cause lawyer, there was obvious difference in.Cause is lawyer through social action strategies, the case will be in the field of law, the social field become more focused on the events, from top to bottom. China and public interest lawyers, more is within the system The field, or the law itself to take judicial strategy with social strategy, which will change the social problems and then solve the problem of justice. In addition, the research perspective of this thesis also reflects the decline shown in the process of globalization of the western centralism, and the particularity of the localization research shows China path on the one hand, with the development of globalization, the strong economic power to suppress the overall strategy of operator identity. On the other hand resistance mechanism in civilized society has been in the global scope of communication. In the impact of Western centrism under the law is regarded as the standard system to impose an important tool of other cultures, Chinese. The lawyers on one hand because of its close relationship with the political group (law firm nationalization and the Cultural Revolution by the western legal tradition interruption) questioned its professionalism. Another The lawyer, in the Chinese rise as one of the Western cultural imports from the beginning of its birth is affected by the traditional legal culture -- China Songshi this effect, in the development of state lawyers highly market-oriented, commercial breeds erosion of social justice. These two aspects constitute the show the special transition period of China lawyers.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D926.5

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本文編號(hào)：1450891