【摘要】：在西方法律思想史上，綿延兩百年之久的法律實(shí)證主義和自然法學(xué)的對(duì)立論戰(zhàn)一直是法理學(xué)界關(guān)注和討論的焦點(diǎn)。作為自然法的反對(duì)者，法律實(shí)證主義的興起正是建立在對(duì)自然法學(xué)說(shuō)的批判之上。任何批判思想的來(lái)源都植根于其自身理論基礎(chǔ)之中，法律實(shí)證主義對(duì)自然法的批判思想同樣也不例外。通過(guò)考察不同歷史階段的法律實(shí)證主義者針對(duì)自然法思想所提出的批判觀點(diǎn)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，，盡管不同時(shí)期的法律實(shí)證主義者對(duì)自然法的批判內(nèi)容、批判角度、批判力度都有所不同，但這些批判思想背后都被深深烙上了法律實(shí)證主義理論自身特有的印記，那就是它們始終都沒(méi)有拋棄法律實(shí)證主義的中心地帶—社會(huì)事實(shí)理論和分離理論，這種特定的印記賦予法律實(shí)證主義以旺盛的生命力始終頑強(qiáng)堅(jiān)守陣地，與自然法抗衡。本文通過(guò)系統(tǒng)梳理不同時(shí)期的法律實(shí)證主義者對(duì)自然法的批判思想以及深入分析這些不同歷史時(shí)期的自然法批判思想所體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的特質(zhì)，以期呈現(xiàn)法律實(shí)證主義在近兩個(gè)世紀(jì)里的思想發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)法律實(shí)證主義的演變發(fā)展較為準(zhǔn)確的理論定位。 本文主要由五個(gè)部分組成。 第一部分是引言，該部分簡(jiǎn)要介紹了法律實(shí)證主義的發(fā)展歷程及法律實(shí)證主義與自然法論爭(zhēng)的主要矛盾焦點(diǎn)，并對(duì)該主題的研究綜述進(jìn)行了闡釋。 第二部分主要闡述了早期法律實(shí)證主義者對(duì)自然法思想的批駁及這一時(shí)期批判思想所體現(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)。其中邊沁在功利主義原則的指導(dǎo)下對(duì)自然權(quán)利和社會(huì)契約論進(jìn)行了歇斯底里的批判，認(rèn)為二者已無(wú)法適用于19世紀(jì)進(jìn)入法律改革時(shí)代的西方社會(huì)。追隨邊沁功利主義的奧斯丁承繼了邊沁關(guān)于社會(huì)契約論的反對(duì)立場(chǎng)，并認(rèn)為自然法存在嚴(yán)重的語(yǔ)義概念上的混淆。早期法律實(shí)證主義者的自然法批判思想迎合了十九世紀(jì)資本主義法治建設(shè)的時(shí)代需求，實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)傳統(tǒng)和科學(xué)主義觀念在該批判思想中得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。 第三部分主要分析了二十世紀(jì)奧地利的法律實(shí)證主義者凱爾森的自然法批判思想及該批判思想的理論特色。凱爾森在新康德主義哲學(xué)和休謨哲學(xué)思想的基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建起“純粹法”理論，認(rèn)為法律理論要真正成為一種科學(xué)，就必須將超出經(jīng)驗(yàn)之外的對(duì)象排除在其研究范圍之外，堅(jiān)決反對(duì)自然法學(xué)說(shuō)所賴以存在的形而上學(xué)二元論的認(rèn)識(shí)論以及自然法學(xué)者在理論學(xué)說(shuō)中加入自身主觀價(jià)值判斷的做法。凱爾森在前人成果的基礎(chǔ)上將法學(xué)科學(xué)化推行得更加徹底。在凱爾森看來(lái)，自然法學(xué)說(shuō)雖披著法學(xué)外衣，實(shí)則卻以意識(shí)形態(tài)扭曲實(shí)在法。 第四部分主要考察了新分析法學(xué)的典型代表哈特的自然法批判思想及該思想所體現(xiàn)的有別于前人的特質(zhì)。哈特在充分吸收日常語(yǔ)言哲學(xué)精髓和貫徹法律實(shí)證主義傳統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上，一方面堅(jiān)決捍衛(wèi)法律實(shí)證主義的根本立場(chǎng)，反對(duì)自然法目的論的形而上觀念，主張法律實(shí)證主義傳統(tǒng)中的法律與道德理論分離命題，與自然法思想劃清界限；另一方面，哈特軟化了早期的法律實(shí)證主義者強(qiáng)硬的“分離”立場(chǎng)，調(diào)整了法律實(shí)證主義的批判策略，承認(rèn)“最低限度自然法”的存在，主張法律實(shí)際上反映了道德的內(nèi)容。哈特的自然法批判思想是法律實(shí)證主義的一次涅磐重生，它實(shí)現(xiàn)了法律實(shí)證主義發(fā)展的不斷革新和超越，使法律實(shí)證主義思想更加符合社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的需要，在實(shí)踐中具有更加強(qiáng)大的生命力。 最后一部分是對(duì)法律實(shí)證主義者對(duì)自然法的批判這一主題的總結(jié)。法律實(shí)證主義并不是一個(gè)固步自封、一成不變的學(xué)術(shù)流派。隨著時(shí)代的更替以及學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域日新月異的發(fā)展，法律實(shí)證主義在堅(jiān)守其根本立場(chǎng)的同時(shí)也在不斷吸收著其它學(xué)派的先進(jìn)成果。新時(shí)期法律實(shí)證主義對(duì)自然法批判策略的調(diào)整并非動(dòng)搖其反自然法的根本立場(chǎng)，更不存在法律實(shí)證主義的自我解構(gòu)。相反，通過(guò)法律實(shí)證主義內(nèi)部的調(diào)整和揚(yáng)棄，法律實(shí)證主義更能契合當(dāng)今社會(huì)的發(fā)展。此外，法律實(shí)證主義在批判自然法的同時(shí)也存在著其自身無(wú)法克服的局限性。
[Abstract]:In the history of western legal thoughts, the two centuries' long legal history and the opposition of natural law have always been the focus of attention and discussion in the field of law. As an opponent of the law, the rise of the legal system is based on the criticism of natural law. The source of any critical thought is rooted in its own theory, and the legal positivism is no exception to the critical thinking of Marxism. On the basis of the critical points raised by the legal practitioners in different historical stages, we find that, although the critical content, critical angle and critical strength of the legal practitioners in different periods are different from each other, But behind these critical thoughts, they have been deeply influenced by the special imprints of the law and the theory itself, that is, they have never abandoned the central and social fact theory and separation theory of the law theory, This particular stamp endows the law with a strong vitality and maintains its position at all times, rivaling the law. In this paper, the author systematically combs the critical thinking of the legal practitioners in different periods and deeply analyzes the characteristics of the critical thinking in these different historical periods, with a view to presenting the development of the law in the last two centuries. so as to realize the theoretical positioning of the evolution and development of the legal positivism. This article is mainly composed of five parts The first part is the introduction, this part gives a brief introduction to the development course of the legal positivism and the main contradiction focal point of the controversy between the legal positivism and the law, and reviews the research of the subject. The second part mainly expounds the criticism of the early jurist and the criticism of this period. On the guidance of the principle of utilitarianism, Bentham criticized the natural rights and the social realism, and concluded that they could not be applied to the legal reform in the 19th century. The western society in the leather times. Following the Bentham utilitarianism, he inherited the opposition position of Bentham's theory of social ethics, and concluded that there were serious problems The confusion on the concept of semantics. The critical thinking of early legal practitioners caters to the times of the construction of capitalist rule of law in the nineteenth century, and the traditional and scientism of philosophy of philosophy is in this critical thought. The third part mainly analyzes the author's critical thinking in the 20th century Austrian law. On the basis of Neo-Kantian philosophy and Hughian philosophy, Kelsen constructed the 鈥減ure method鈥

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