本文選題：憲政制度 + 埃及　； 參考：《湘潭大學》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 埃及和南非是非洲國家中比較成功的典型,這都是與其憲政制度密不可分的。憲政是人類法治文明的最高結晶和政治文明的重要成果。憲政制度是重要的國家制度,是國家軟實力的重要組成部分。埃及“七月革命”和南非廢除種族隔離制度之后,兩國都順應人類政治文明的發(fā)展要求建立了憲政制度,確立了憲法國家最高大法的地位,重視民主建設、依法治國和人權保護,趕上了人類政治發(fā)展的潮流。埃及與南非同處非洲大陸,同屬第三世界,都是發(fā)展中國家,兩國的憲政制度都是建筑于厚重的歷史傳統(tǒng)之上的,是兩國進行民族民主革命和人民解放斗爭的偉大成果。兩國的憲政制度建設都從本國國情出發(fā),同時注意吸收別國的經驗和教訓,與時俱進。兩國都探索出了一條符合本國國情、具有本國特色的憲政發(fā)展道路,非常具有代表性。 埃及和南非都實行總統(tǒng)制共和制的國家管理形式和單一制的國家結構形式,兩國的國家元首制度、議會制度、行政制度、司法制度、人權保護制度、政黨制度和選舉制度也有相似之處。但是具體而言,兩國的憲政制度還是存在很大差異的。埃及總統(tǒng)制共和制是一種總統(tǒng)處于國家政權中心,高度集權的國家管理形式。南非總統(tǒng)制共和制是一種總統(tǒng)權力受到很大制約,介于總統(tǒng)制和議會制之間的國家管理形式。埃及的國家結構形式是一種中央集權型的單一制,而南非的是一種地方分權型的單一制。兩國國家元首的權力和任期有重大差別。埃及議會實行一院制,南非實行兩院制,兩國在議會制度方面存在差異。南非的行政制度類似于美國模式,而埃及的行政制度類似于法國模式。埃及實行普通法院與行政法院雙軌制法院系統(tǒng),而南非實行單一的普通法院系統(tǒng)。與埃及相比,南非憲法對于公民基本權利的規(guī)定要詳盡、具體得多。而埃及早于南非簽署、批準《非洲人權與民族權憲章》。在政黨制度方面,埃及長期一黨執(zhí)政,而南非則引入了參政黨,并邀請反對黨入閣,實現(xiàn)了多黨合作。埃及選舉制度的重心在于總統(tǒng)選舉,而南非選舉制度則以國民議會選舉為重心。 埃及和南非憲政制度所表現(xiàn)出來的差異性是由于兩國建構憲政制度時的文化背景不同,憲政制度建構前的歷史境遇不同和大國對兩國憲政制度演進的影響程度不同等原因造成的。同時,埃及與南非兩國的憲政制度對于非洲其他國家具有很強的借鑒意義。非洲其他國家可以通過以下途徑學習埃及和南非的成功經驗,積極完善本國的憲政制度。第一,尊重多樣文明深化互信。第二,建立國家機構間的高層定期互訪機制。第三,加強政黨間特別是執(zhí)政黨的黨際交流。第四,進一步加強在人權保護領域的磋商與配合。
[Abstract]:Egypt and South Africa are more successful examples of African countries, which are inseparable from their constitutionalism. Constitutionalism is the highest crystallization of human civilization ruled by law and an important achievement of political civilization. Constitutional system is an important national system and an important part of national soft power. After the "July Revolution" in Egypt and the abolition of apartheid in South Africa, both countries complied with the requirements of the development of human political civilization by establishing a constitutional system, establishing the constitutional status of the constitutional state as the supreme law, and attaching importance to the construction of democracy. The rule of law and the protection of human rights catch up with the trend of human political development. Egypt and South Africa are on the African continent, belong to the third World and are both developing countries. The constitutional system of the two countries is based on a heavy historical tradition and is a great achievement of the national democratic revolution and the liberation struggle of the people of the two countries. The construction of constitutional system in both countries is based on their own national conditions, and attention is paid to absorbing the experiences and lessons of other countries, so as to keep pace with the times. Both countries have explored a road of constitutional development that is suitable for their own national conditions and has their own characteristics, which is very representative. Both Egypt and South Africa have a presidential Republican form of State administration and a unitary state structure, with a head of State system, a parliamentary system, an executive system, a judicial system, a human rights protection system, There are similarities between the party system and the electoral system. But specifically, the constitutional system of the two countries is still very different. The presidential republic of Egypt is a form of state administration in which the president is at the center of the state power and is highly centralized. South Africa's presidential republic is a form of state management between presidential system and parliamentary system, which is subject to great restriction of presidential power. Egypt's state structure is a centralized unitary system, while South Africa's is a decentralized unitary system. The powers and terms of office of the heads of state of the two countries differ significantly. The Egyptian parliament has a unicameral system and South Africa has a bicameral system. There are differences in the parliamentary system between the two countries. The administrative system of South Africa is similar to that of the United States, while the administrative system of Egypt is similar to that of France. Egypt has a dual-track system of courts of law and administrative courts, while South Africa has a single system of ordinary courts. Compared with Egypt, the Constitution of South Africa provides for the fundamental rights of citizens in more detail and more specifically. Egypt signed the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights earlier than South Africa. In the party system, Egypt has long been in power of one party, while South Africa has brought in participating parties and invited the opposition parties into the cabinet to achieve multi-party cooperation. Egypt's electoral system focuses on presidential elections, while South Africa's electoral system focuses on elections to the National Assembly. The difference between the constitutionalism systems of Egypt and South Africa is due to the different cultural backgrounds of the two countries when they set up their constitutionalism systems. The historical circumstances before the construction of constitutional system and the influence of great powers on the evolution of constitutional system in the two countries are different. At the same time, the constitutionalism of Egypt and South Africa is of great significance to other African countries. Other African countries can learn from the successful experiences of Egypt and South Africa and actively improve their constitutionalism. First, respect for diverse civilizations and deepen mutual trust. Second, establish a mechanism for regular exchange of high-level visits between state institutions. Third, strengthen inter-party exchanges between political parties, especially the ruling party. Fourth, further strengthen consultation and cooperation in the field of human rights protection.
【學位授予單位】：湘潭大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D94;DD911

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