本文選題：中國(guó) + 20世紀(jì)60年代　； 參考：《中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 本文試圖從歷史的角度對(duì)20世紀(jì)60年代中國(guó)的國(guó)家安全進(jìn)行回顧與反思,通過(guò)外交、軍事等視角,從中國(guó)與美國(guó)、蘇聯(lián)、印度、中國(guó)臺(tái)灣之間的安全關(guān)系出發(fā),研究這一時(shí)期的國(guó)家安全政策,并為21世紀(jì)的中國(guó)國(guó)家安全政策提供建議和參考。本論文的理論和實(shí)踐意義在于歸納總結(jié)20世紀(jì)60年代中國(guó)的國(guó)家安全政策。 20世紀(jì)60年代,毛澤東的國(guó)家安全思想主要包括:(1)強(qiáng)烈的國(guó)家主權(quán)意識(shí);(2)充分的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)準(zhǔn)備思想;(3)原則性和靈活性相結(jié)合的策略;(4)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)根源來(lái)自帝國(guó)主義;(5)積極防御、誘敵深入、頂放結(jié)合、人民戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)相結(jié)合的國(guó)防戰(zhàn)略;(6)妥善處理經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和國(guó)防建設(shè)的關(guān)系;(7)關(guān)注國(guó)內(nèi)政權(quán)的穩(wěn)固,警惕“黨變修、國(guó)變色”。 20世紀(jì)60年代,是中國(guó)安全環(huán)境最為復(fù)雜、國(guó)家安全面臨最大威脅的時(shí)期。中國(guó)的防御地區(qū)從東南沿海轉(zhuǎn)移到北部,主要防御國(guó)家從美國(guó)到美蘇,尤其是蘇聯(lián),中國(guó)抵抗住了來(lái)自美蘇的壓力。 20世紀(jì)60年代的中國(guó)國(guó)家安全的主要特點(diǎn)是:(1)威脅來(lái)源是傳統(tǒng)安全領(lǐng)域,主要是軍事安全,即外敵對(duì)中國(guó)的軍事入侵;(2)主要威脅國(guó)家先是美國(guó),后是蘇聯(lián);(3)國(guó)家安全的基本內(nèi)容,是維護(hù)國(guó)家的生存安全,維護(hù)國(guó)家的統(tǒng)一和領(lǐng)土完整;(4)維護(hù)安全的手段主要通過(guò)加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備,防止或遏制戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā),爭(zhēng)取和平的國(guó)際環(huán)境。 20世紀(jì)60年代,中國(guó)在外交和軍事領(lǐng)域調(diào)整了政策和發(fā)展方向,為應(yīng)對(duì)巨大的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)壓力作好了充分的準(zhǔn)備。中國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人判斷,中國(guó)有可能將面臨一場(chǎng)全面戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。毛澤東放棄“一邊倒”的對(duì)外政策,提出了“兩個(gè)拳頭打人”的戰(zhàn)略,既反對(duì)美國(guó),又反對(duì)蘇聯(lián),在國(guó)際上建立反霸統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線。加強(qiáng)了中國(guó)同亞非拉國(guó)家的關(guān)系,改善了同日本和西歐的關(guān)系。20世紀(jì)60年代后期,中國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人開(kāi)始意識(shí)到必須同時(shí)調(diào)整與美、蘇兩個(gè)超級(jí)大國(guó)為敵的思路,避免承受雙重壓力。 在國(guó)防尖端武器建設(shè)方面,中國(guó)加強(qiáng)了“兩彈”、核潛艇等的研制工作,提高了中國(guó)國(guó)防實(shí)力,提高了中國(guó)的國(guó)際地位。歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)證明,要想不受制于人,必須要擁有遏制戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的威懾手段、具備打贏戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的實(shí)力。 20世紀(jì)60年代,毛澤東把維護(hù)國(guó)家安全作為中國(guó)的根本宗旨,強(qiáng)敵始終不敢將戰(zhàn)火始終燒到中國(guó)境內(nèi)。20世紀(jì)60年代,中國(guó)在捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整的戰(zhàn)備中,積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn);立足于最困難、最復(fù)雜的情況,做好軍事斗爭(zhēng)準(zhǔn)備;堅(jiān)持人民戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)思想;實(shí)行后發(fā)制人的防御政策。20世紀(jì)60年代,面對(duì)嚴(yán)峻的國(guó)家安全形勢(shì),國(guó)防動(dòng)員體制和國(guó)防建設(shè)進(jìn)入了超常規(guī)發(fā)展階段;發(fā)展尖端武器;根據(jù)我國(guó)不同戰(zhàn)略方向面臨不同任務(wù)的特點(diǎn),實(shí)行重點(diǎn)設(shè)防,重點(diǎn)守備。正是由于以毛澤東為核心的中共中央臨危不懼,運(yùn)籌帷幄,積極備戰(zhàn),正是由于中國(guó)從精神和物質(zhì)方面做好了隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備打仗的充分準(zhǔn)備,才有效地遏止了美蘇可能對(duì)我國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),保證了中國(guó)的國(guó)家安全和社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的順利進(jìn)行。 20世紀(jì)60年代,中國(guó)在捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全和領(lǐng)土完整的戰(zhàn)斗中,積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。20世紀(jì)60年代中國(guó)國(guó)家安全政策的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與不足,都是今天我們進(jìn)行國(guó)家安全問(wèn)題研究可資借鑒的寶貴財(cái)富。
[Abstract]:This article attempts to review and reflect on the national security of China in the 1960s from the historical perspective, and through the diplomatic and military perspectives, from the security relations between China and the United States, the Soviet Union, India and Taiwan, China, studies the national security policy of this period, and provides suggestions and reference for the national security policy of China in twenty-first Century. The theoretical and practical significance of this thesis is to sum up the national security policy of China in 1960s.
In 1960s, Mao Zedong's national security thought mainly included: (1) strong national sovereignty consciousness; (2) full war preparation thought; (3) the strategy of combination of principle and flexibility; (4) the root of the war came from imperialism; (5) the defense strategy of active defense, the integration of the enemy and the combination of the people's war; and (6) the proper handling of the economy. The relationship between construction and national defense construction; (7) concerned about the stability of the domestic regime and vigilance against "changing the party and developing the country".
In 1960s, China's security environment was the most complicated and national security was facing the greatest threat. China's defense areas moved from the southeast coast to the north, the main defense countries from the United States to the Soviet Union, especially the Soviet Union, and China resisted the pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union.
The main characteristics of China National Security in 1960s are: (1) the threat source is the traditional security field, mainly military security, that is, the military invasion of the foreign enemy to China; (2) the main threat to the state first is the United States, then the Soviet Union; (3) the basic content of national security is to safeguard the state's survival and security, maintain national unity and territorial integrity; (4) The means of maintaining security mainly depend on strengthening combat readiness, preventing or curbing the outbreak of war, and striving for a peaceful international environment.
In 1960s, China has adjusted its policy and development direction in the diplomatic and military fields to fully prepare for the huge war pressure. China's leaders judge that China is likely to face a comprehensive war. Mao Zedong gave up the "one-sided" foreign policy and put forward the strategy of "two fist beating people", against the United States. The country, against the Soviet Union, established the anti hegemony United Front in the world, strengthened the relationship between China and the Asian African countries, improved the relations with Japan and Western Europe in the late 60s of the.20 century, and the Chinese leaders began to realize that they must simultaneously adjust their thinking to the United States and the two superpowers of the Soviet Union and avoid double pressure.
In the field of national defense weapon construction, China has strengthened the development of "two bombs" and "nuclear submarines" and so on. It has raised China's national defense strength and improved its international status. Historical experience has proved that in order to avoid people, it must have a deterrent means to contain the war and have the strength to win the war.
In 1960s, Mao Zedong took the fundamental purpose of safeguarding national security as China. The enemy was always afraid to burn the war to China in the 60s.20 century. China has accumulated rich experience in defending national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and based on the most difficult and most complicated situation, prepare for military struggle; adhere to the people. In the 60s of.20, in the face of severe national security situation, the defense mobilization system and national defense construction entered the ultra normal development stage in the face of the severe national security situation in the 60s. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is fearless, strategizing and actively preparing for war. It is precisely because China has made full preparations for the war at any time in terms of spirit and material. It has effectively suppressed the possible war launched by the United States and the Soviet Union and ensured the smooth progress of China's national security and the construction of social justice.
In 1960s, China has accumulated rich experience and insufficient experience of China's national security policy in the 60s.20 century in the fight to defend national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, which are valuable assets for reference to our national security research today.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D631

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