本文選題：筆跡鑒定 + 同一認定��； 參考：《華東政法大學》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：筆跡鑒定從誕生之日起,就在不斷探尋與解答這樣一項問題:案件中客觀存在的筆跡究竟源自于何人�？梢哉f,準確予以破題的關鍵,即如何通過筆跡來實現(xiàn)人身同一認定之目的。因而,同一認定亦被視之為筆跡鑒定,乃至整個司法鑒定領域的基本理論與核心基礎之一。20世紀50年代末期,同一認定原理自前蘇聯(lián)傳入我國后,經(jīng)過國內(nèi)學者對其所進行的論述與闡釋,筆跡鑒定領域中的同一認定問題研究已形成一定理論基礎。其主要側重從概念界定、科學基礎、程序方法等角度進行了相關研究。同時,司法實踐中大量筆跡鑒定案例的存在,也為同一認定研究提供了極為寶貴的經(jīng)驗積累。但客觀而言,當前筆跡鑒定領域中的同一認定研究,多集中于經(jīng)驗結構與某一具體層面的探討,相關成果仍不甚豐厚。如何從理論體系與實證分析相結合的角度,對筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認定進行系統(tǒng)剖析與研究,則是當前亟待解決的一項重要課題。故本文即立足于此,分別從學理定位、論證基礎、實務探析、證據(jù)應用以及保障基石的多維視角,較為深入地對筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認定予以了系統(tǒng)研究。全文含導論部分在內(nèi),共分為六章,總字數(shù)約24萬,其具體內(nèi)容如下:導論部分中,筆者首先對筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認定研究背景、研究意義予以了整體闡述。其次,針對國內(nèi)外筆跡鑒定及其同一認定有關的文獻資料的梳理、闡釋與綜述,明確了當前國內(nèi)外學界對于前述問題的研究現(xiàn)狀與現(xiàn)有成果。在此基礎上,得以對當前筆跡鑒定領域中的同一認定研究于以較為客觀的評價。對于當前已較為完備且形成體系化的學術成果,可以為本文的研究提供諸多有益之借鑒;而經(jīng)過文獻研究與梳理所發(fā)現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)實不足與缺憾,則可以通過問題意識的引導與關注,以便于為本文研究過程中的系統(tǒng)探討與論證提供必要之鋪墊。最后,導論部分針對本文的研究方法與研究內(nèi)容等予以了系統(tǒng)闡釋與厘析。第一章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認定學理定位。首先,本文側重于學理角度深入探討了同一認定中的“同一”術語內(nèi)涵。鑒于當前學界對于“同一”術語的不同闡釋與學說,本文從“同一”本質要義的層面予以了分析與判斷,進而提出對于“同一”術語的準確理解。其次,本文通過“相似”、“相同”等與“同一”極易混淆的語詞辨析,強調(diào)了“同一”的實質系客體自身與自身相同一。針對筆跡鑒定領域內(nèi)存在的同一認定而言,本文從釋義解讀著手,不僅明晰了其學理界說與構成要素,亦從理性認知的角度對其予以了深入把握。筆跡鑒定實案中存在各類情形,雖會影響到同一認定的具體模式,但無論是哪類模式,其所呈現(xiàn)出的特點卻基本一致。故本文分別著眼于模式分類與主要特點的觀察視角,對于筆跡鑒定中的同一認定作出了分析與探討�？陀^而言,同一認定活動存在的領域并不局限于筆跡鑒定�；谕徽J定的前述特性,本文選擇日常生活、刑事偵查以及其他鑒定中存在的同一認定活動,與筆跡鑒定內(nèi)蘊含的同一認定之異同作出辨析與總結。最后,針對當前筆跡鑒定領域內(nèi)有關同一認定的質疑與困惑,筆者亦予以全面梳理與歸納,以明晰各項亟待解決之問題。第二章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認定論證基礎。在已過去的二十年內(nèi),一個對司法鑒定持有懷疑的時代已經(jīng)來臨。各類爭議與疑惑中,針對書寫人的同一認定往往因其科學性的質疑而處在了爭議的風口浪尖。但同一認定在筆跡鑒定領域內(nèi)的長期實踐與成效,已然印證了其在書寫人認定同一方面的證明價值�？紤]到唯有對其科學性予以論證,才能消解前述同一認定所面臨的爭議與質疑之聲。故本文分別從筆跡鑒定中的同一認定客觀依據(jù)、檢驗機理與科學基礎等本源出發(fā),對其科學性予以了系統(tǒng)論證與闡釋。第一,同一認定的客觀依據(jù),決定了筆跡鑒定中是否能夠利用同一認定活動來對書寫人作出認定的關鍵所在。本文對于個體書寫習慣所呈現(xiàn)出的外在反映性、個體差異性以及相對穩(wěn)定性的深入認識與闡釋,已然明晰前述三者作為筆跡鑒定中同一認定必備要件的應然之地位。第二,同一認定的檢驗機理,印證了緣何通過筆跡可以對書寫人予以同一認定的思考。同時,對于書寫技能與書寫習慣這兩項檢驗機理的闡釋,亦提升了同一認定在筆跡鑒定領域中的理論積淀。第三,同一認定作為一項專門性認識活動的背后,系由相應科學基礎為其支撐依據(jù)。對于筆跡鑒定而言,其所涉及的同一認定研究不僅涉及極為宏觀的哲理層面,亦涉及生理、心理與法理領域。故本文力圖從哲理、生理、心理、法理等多維視角出發(fā),對于筆跡鑒定中同一認定所蘊含的科學基礎進行較為系統(tǒng)與全面的分析與論述。第三章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認定實務探析。除了從理論層面對于筆跡鑒定中的同一認定予以系統(tǒng)研究外,其實務應用的探討與完善亦是一項不容忽視之課題。筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認定活動,唯有在檢案實踐的基礎上才能形成對于筆跡書寫人同一認定的認識結果。同一認定作為一項認識活動,具有若干相對獨立的認識環(huán)節(jié)所組成的自身漸進過程。但不同領域內(nèi)存在的同一認定,通常會因其所處環(huán)境的差異而在操作規(guī)程上存有區(qū)別。故本文即著眼于筆跡鑒定領域的自身特點,對其中所涉及的同一認定操作規(guī)程予以考察與研究。檢案實務中對于筆跡書寫人的同一認定,需要借助于對筆跡特征的比較與分析。其作為個體書寫習慣與書寫技能在筆跡中客觀外顯的各類征象,得以揭示出書寫習慣的個體差異性。故鑒定人須在對各類筆跡特征予以準確認識與研究的基礎上,進一步探索如何合理構建與完善筆跡特征體系的應用,進而夯實其作為鑒別、判斷筆跡書寫人是否同一的科學依據(jù)。筆跡鑒定中的同一認定實務活動,最終涉及到認識結果,即同一認定意見的形成。前述意見的得出,系依賴于科學技術與專門知識的推論,而非對于已發(fā)生事實之回憶。故其認識結果的表述,實則為意見之判斷,而非事實之陳述。但檢案實務中,針對前述同一認定意見表述方式而引發(fā)的困惑與疑慮時有發(fā)生。故本文在結合實證分析的基礎上,對于其同一認定意見表述的現(xiàn)狀與困惑予以了深入考察,并提出優(yōu)化和完善同一認定意見表述方式的若干建議。第四章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認定證據(jù)應用。筆跡鑒定領域內(nèi)的同一認定作為一項科學認識活動,其結論性意見對于各類訴訟而言具有極為重要的證據(jù)價值。然而,前述同一認定意見在證據(jù)審查與應用過程中存在的現(xiàn)實困惑與沖突,削弱了其自身應然之價值。為此,本文基于證據(jù)學的角度出發(fā),對于筆跡同一認定意見的證據(jù)內(nèi)涵、證據(jù)特點予以厘析,并明確其在訴訟活動中所應擔負之使命。三大訴訟法規(guī)定,證據(jù)須經(jīng)查證屬實,才能作為定案之依據(jù)。筆跡同一認定意見作為法定證據(jù)形式之一,亦不得凌駕于法律對于證據(jù)審查的規(guī)定之上。然而,認識層面上的觀念偏頗以及缺乏統(tǒng)一的審查規(guī)則,往往令筆跡同一認定意見的審查流于形式,甚至未經(jīng)查證屬實,即作為案件事實認定之依據(jù)。針對這一現(xiàn)實不足與缺陷,本文從域外筆跡同一認定意見審查制度的考察與分析入手,以探求域外發(fā)達國家在證據(jù)審查上的成熟經(jīng)驗與做法。所謂“他山之石,可以攻玉”。通過對于部分發(fā)達國家的筆跡同一認定意見審查之考察,無疑可以從中抽象并歸納出域外筆跡同一認定意見審查的有益經(jīng)驗與積累,并為我國筆跡同一認定意見審查的應然構建提供若干之啟示。鑒于司法實踐中,針對筆跡同一認定意見爭議與矛盾時有發(fā)生的現(xiàn)狀,本文著重對爭議產(chǎn)生的源流以及沖突主要涉及之對象予以了綜合考量。在梳理爭議沖突產(chǎn)生源流的基礎上,本文從本質層面揭示了爭議與沖突背后所隱藏并衍生出的相應問題,并以此為前提探索筆跡同一認定意見爭議解決與調(diào)適的合理化路徑。第五章系筆跡鑒定視域下的同一認定保障基石。筆跡鑒定中同一認定活動的科學性與可靠性,直接影響到其認識結果是否可以作為訴訟證據(jù)為法庭所采納、采信。前述專門性活動的科學性、可靠性保障,即需要對影響其質量的要素實行有效控制,使其有章可循,有據(jù)可查,確保這一專門性活動“行為公正、程序、規(guī)范、方法科學、數(shù)據(jù)準確、結論可靠”。然而,質量監(jiān)控在筆跡同一認定中的起步較晚,實踐中亦存在諸多影響筆跡同一認定意見的因素。鑒此,本文在對前述因素予以深入分析與考量后,針對影響筆跡同一認定質量的關鍵要素,從主體資格、材料流轉、鑒定過程、判斷依據(jù)以及報告出具等方面,提出若干強化筆跡同一認定質量的實施性規(guī)則。此外,筆跡鑒定領域內(nèi)對于書寫人的認定,多依賴于鑒定人的主觀經(jīng)驗與知識結構。相關技術標準的長期缺失,一定層面上制約了同一認定活動的可靠程度。故本文在筆跡同一認定技術標準完善與實施方面所提出的相關建議,亦可在一定程度上保障筆跡同一認定意見的科學性與可靠性。
[Abstract]:From the date of birth, handwriting identification is constantly exploring and answering such a question: what is the origin of the objective handwriting in the case. It can be said that the key to the correct problem, that is, how to realize the identity of the same person through handwriting. Therefore, the same identification is also regarded as a handwriting identification, and even the whole judicial identification collar. One of the basic theories and core bases of the domain is the end of the 50s of.20 century. After the same cognizance principle was introduced into our country from the former Soviet Union, the research on the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification has formed a certain theoretical basis after the introduction of the former Soviet Union to China, and the study of the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification has formed a certain theoretical basis. At the same time, the existence of a large number of handwriting identification cases in judicial practice also provides very valuable experience for the same cognizance research. But objectively, the current research on the same identification in the field of handwriting identification is concentrated on the experience structure and a specific level, and the related results are still not very rich. The systematic analysis and Research on the same identification in the perspective of handwriting identification is an important issue to be solved at the point of view of the combination of theoretical system and empirical analysis. Therefore, this paper is based on this, from the theoretical orientation, demonstration basis, practical analysis, evidence should be used and the multi-dimensional perspective of guaranteeing the cornerstone, and more deeply to the pen. There are six chapters in the full text including the introduction part, which are divided into six chapters, and the total number of words is about 240 thousand. The specific contents are as follows: in the introduction part, the author first expounds the research background and the significance of the same identification in the field of handwriting identification. Secondly, it aims at the identification of handwriting and the same one at home and abroad. To identify the relevant literature, explain and summarize, clarify the current research status and existing achievements of the domestic and foreign academic circles on the foregoing problems. On this basis, it is able to objectively evaluate the same cognizance research in the field of the current handwriting identification. In order to provide some useful references for this study, the shortcomings and shortcomings found in the literature study and combing can be guided and concerned by the problem consciousness so as to provide the necessary paving for the systematic discussion and demonstration in the process of this study. Finally, the introduction is aimed at the research methods and research contents of this article. The first chapter focuses on the connotation of the same term in the same cognizance. In view of the different interpretations and theories of the "same" term in the current academic circles, this article from the essential meaning of the "same" is given. With the analysis and judgment, the exact understanding of the "same" term is put forward. Secondly, this article, through the discrimination of "similarity" and "the same" and "the same", emphasizes that the object of "the same" is the same as itself. In terms of the identity of the identity in the field of handwriting identification, this article from the interpretation of the definition It not only clears its theory of theory and elements, but also makes a deep grasp of it from the point of view of rational cognition. Although there are various kinds of cases in the case of handwriting identification, although it will affect the specific pattern of the same cognizance, no matter which pattern it is, the special points are basically the same. Therefore, this paper focuses on the pattern classification respectively. With the observation angle of the main characteristics, the author makes an analysis and discussion about the identity in the identification of handwriting. Objectively, the domain of the same identification activity is not limited to the handwriting identification. Based on the characteristics of the same cognizance, this article chooses the daily life, the criminal investigation and the same identification activities in his identification, and the handwriting appraisal. In the end, in view of the questions and puzzles about the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification, the author also gives a comprehensive review and induction to clarify the problems to be solved urgently. The second chapter is the basis of the same identification in the field of handwriting identification. In the past twenty years, An era of suspicion of judicial expertise has come. In various disputes and doubts, the identity of the writer is often at the top of the dispute because of its scientific doubts. But the long-term practice and effectiveness of the same identification in the field of handwriting has confirmed the proof of the identity of the writer in the same aspect. Value. Considering only the argument of its scientific nature, we can eliminate the controversy and question that the same cognizance is faced with. Therefore, this paper gives a systematic evidence and interpretation of its scientific nature from the objective basis of identification in the identification, the basis of the inspection mechanism and the scientific basis. It is the key to determine whether the handwriting identification can use the same cognizance activity to make a cognizance to the writer. In this paper, the in-depth understanding and interpretation of the external reflection, individual difference and relative stability presented by the individual writing habits have clearly defined the three necessary elements of the same identification in the handwriting identification. Second, the test mechanism of the same cognizance proves the reason why the writer can give the same cognizance to the writer through the handwriting. At the same time, the explanation of the two inspection mechanisms of writing skills and writing habits also enhances the accumulation of the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification. Third, the same identification as a special recognition. Behind the knowledge activities, the Department is supported by the corresponding scientific basis. For the identification of handwriting, the same cognizance research involves not only the very macro philosophical level, but also the physiological, psychological and jurisprudential fields. Therefore, this paper makes the same identification of the handwriting identification from the perspectives of philosophy, physiology, psychology and law. The third chapter is the analysis and analysis of the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification. In addition to the systematic study of the same cognizance in the identification of handwriting from the theoretical level, the discussion and improvement of its practical application are also a subject that can not be ignored. The same cognizance activity, only on the basis of the case practice, can form the cognitive result of the identity of the handwriting writer. As a cognitive activity, the same cognizance is a gradual process consisting of a number of relatively independent cognitive links. However, the same cognizance in different fields is usually due to the difference of its environment. There is a difference in the operating rules. Therefore, this article focuses on the characteristics of the field of handwriting identification, and investigates and studies the same cognizance operation rules involved in it. In the case of the case, the identity of handwriting writers should be compared and analyzed. On the basis of accurate understanding and study of all kinds of handwriting characteristics, the appraisers should further explore how to construct and perfect the application of the handwriting characteristic system, and then consolidate it as the identification and judge whether the handwriting person is identical or not. Scientific basis. The same cognizance practice in the identification of handwriting ultimately involves the result of cognition, that is, the formation of the same cognizance. The conclusion of the foregoing is dependent on the inference of science and technology and expertise, not the recollection of the facts that have occurred. Therefore, the statement of the results of the knowledge is the judgment of the opinion, not the statement of the facts. However, in the case of the case, the confusion and doubts arising from the expression of the same cognizance opinion have occurred. Therefore, on the basis of the empirical analysis, this paper makes a thorough investigation on the present situation and confusion of the same affirmation opinion, and puts forward some suggestions to optimize and improve the expression of the same opinion. The fourth chapter is a series of suggestions. In the field of handwriting identification, the same identification evidence is applied. The same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification is a scientific cognition activity, and its concluding comments have very important evidence value for all kinds of litigation. However, the same cognizance opinion weakens the actual confusion and conflict in the examination and application of evidence. On the basis of evidence science, this paper analyzes the connotation of evidence, the characteristics of evidence and its mission in litigation. The three major procedural laws stipulate that the evidence must be verified and verified as a basis for the decision. One of the forms of definite evidence should not be overriding the law's regulations on the examination of evidence. However, the bias of ideas and the lack of a unified review rule often make the examination of the same identification of the handwriting flow in the form, or even without the evidence, as the basis for the fact of the case. This article begins with the investigation and analysis of the examination system of the same recognition opinion in the foreign countries, in order to find out the mature experience and practice of the developed countries in the evidence review. In view of the current situation in the judicial practice, in view of the current situation in the judicial practice, the origin of the controversy and the conflict are mainly concerned. On the basis of combing the origin of the conflict and conflict, this paper reveals the corresponding problems hidden behind the dispute and conflict from the essential level, and explores the rationalization path of the resolution and adjustment of the same cognizance dispute. The fifth chapter is the same identification guarantee under the perspective of handwriting identification. Cornerstone. The scientificity and reliability of the same identification activity in the identification of handwriting directly affects whether the results of the recognition can be adopted as a litigation evidence for the court, the scientific nature and reliability guarantee of the previous specialized activities, that is, the need for effective control of the factors affecting its quality, so that it can follow the rules, and ensure this A special activity "behavior justice, procedure, standard, method science, accurate data, reliable conclusion". However, quality monitoring in the same identification of handwriting is late, in practice there are many factors that affect the same identification. To identify the key elements of quality, from the aspects of subject qualification, material circulation, identification process, judgment basis and report issue, some enforcement rules are put forward to strengthen the same quality of handwriting. In addition, the identification of handwriting in the field of handwriting depends on the subjective experience and structure of knowledge. Long term deletion restricts the reliability of the same cognizance activity at a certain level. Therefore, the relevant suggestions on the perfection and implementation of the same identification technical standard in this paper can also guarantee the scientificity and reliability of the same cognizance opinion to a certain extent.
【學位授予單位】：華東政法大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D918.92

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 李震;李冰;鞠諒;;淺析民事、刑事少量字案件特點及檢驗對策的區(qū)別[J];廣東公安科技;2011年04期

2 沈臻懿;;左手偽裝筆跡與老年人書寫筆跡的辨析及鑒別[J];江西警察學院學報;2012年05期

3 李春青;;論我國司法鑒定質量控制的含義與歷史沿革[J];牡丹江教育學院學報;2013年04期

4 楊旭;施少培;凌敬昆;徐徹;錢煌貴;卞新偉;孫維龍;奚建華;;文件鑒定標準體系的研究[J];中國司法鑒定;2006年06期

5 賈治輝;;論筆跡鑒定差異點的評斷[J];中國司法鑒定;2009年04期

6 李禹;陳璐;;2010年度全國法醫(yī)類、物證類、聲像資料類司法鑒定情況統(tǒng)計分析[J];中國司法鑒定;2011年04期

7 呂導中;;論同一認定特征基礎數(shù)據(jù)的建設與完善[J];山東警察學院學報;2008年06期

8 徐為霞;孫延慶;王定輝;;論司法鑒定技術標準的運行[J];中國司法鑒定;2012年06期

9 高進;;“同一認定”的再認識——兼與張玉鑲同志商榷[J];中外法學;1991年03期

10 楊建國;;論科學證據(jù)可靠性的審查認定——基于判決書中鑒定結論審查認定的實證研究與似真推理分析[J];中國刑事法雜志;2012年01期

相關重要報紙文章 前1條

1 沈臻懿;[N];上海法治報;2014年

，

本文編號：1988381