【摘要】：修辭學(xué)自產(chǎn)生起就與公共政治演說(shuō)、法庭演說(shuō)有著根深蒂固的聯(lián)系。據(jù)西方修辭學(xué)史學(xué)者考證，西方修辭學(xué)發(fā)端于2500多年前的古希臘時(shí)期，科拉克斯和提西阿斯是最早的修辭學(xué)家。伴隨著雅典論辯氛圍日盛，對(duì)修辭藝術(shù)的需求促使傳授修辭學(xué)的階層——智者應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，其代表人物是高爾吉亞和普羅泰戈拉。智者們主張運(yùn)用言辭以說(shuō)服受眾為終極目標(biāo)，只要在聽(tīng)眾的內(nèi)心產(chǎn)生自己的言說(shuō)是箴言的心證即可，而對(duì)于其言說(shuō)內(nèi)容的真假則不予細(xì)究。柏拉圖猛烈抨擊智者派的修辭理論及修辭藝術(shù)，他認(rèn)為修辭應(yīng)當(dāng)是引導(dǎo)靈魂向善的藝術(shù)，而智者派的修辭理論不過(guò)是借操縱語(yǔ)言以蠱惑大眾的詭辯術(shù)。亞里士多德是古典修辭學(xué)研究的集大成者，奠定了修辭學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)。他認(rèn)為修辭是普遍的原理，修辭學(xué)是一門(mén)藝術(shù)，他肯定了言辭具有說(shuō)服的力量，同時(shí)又將這種力量的獲取與使用從智者派急功近利的“雕蟲(chóng)小技”中拯救出來(lái)，重新注入理性化與人文化的實(shí)質(zhì)。 古羅馬帝國(guó)承繼并吸收了希臘人開(kāi)創(chuàng)的修辭學(xué)理論，西塞羅與昆體良的修辭思想是古羅馬修辭學(xué)的標(biāo)桿。中世紀(jì)時(shí)期，古典修辭理論融入濃厚的宗教色彩，被迫全然依照基督教宗教意識(shí)形態(tài)的需求而對(duì)自身進(jìn)行調(diào)整。20世紀(jì)中葉修辭學(xué)再次復(fù)興，其代表性理論主要有佩雷爾曼的新修辭學(xué)，圖爾敏的“圖爾敏模式”，伯克的“同一性”理論，以及哈貝馬斯的交往行為理論與法律商談理論等，此時(shí)修辭的目的轉(zhuǎn)向溝通、合作，，達(dá)成社會(huì)之和諧。 西方修辭學(xué)的發(fā)展歷經(jīng)兩次繁榮期。一為以亞里士多德為代表的古典修辭學(xué)；二為20世紀(jì)中后期西方的非形式邏輯運(yùn)動(dòng)。本文選取這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的經(jīng)典理論——亞里士多德的古典修辭學(xué)理論與佩雷爾曼的新修辭學(xué)理論。亞里士多德的古典修辭學(xué)理論中將說(shuō)服對(duì)方，取得演說(shuō)成功的手段分為人為手段與非人為手段。人為手段就是亞里士多德的邏輯證明（修辭式推理與例證法）、品格證明與情感證明。佩雷爾曼“新修辭學(xué)”論辯理論提出了獲得聽(tīng)眾認(rèn)同的“出發(fā)點(diǎn)”理論和論辯技巧等。 當(dāng)下人際交往日趨頻繁，社會(huì)糾紛復(fù)雜多變，而修辭學(xué)是人類通往理解和溝通之門(mén)、解決彼此分歧、達(dá)到社會(huì)和諧的行之有效的途徑，無(wú)論亞里士多德還是佩雷爾曼的修辭學(xué)理論都不約而同地關(guān)注著司法過(guò)程中的法律修辭學(xué)及其應(yīng)用。在刑事司法場(chǎng)域中，法官、檢察官、犯罪嫌疑人、被害人等是這一司法過(guò)程的參與主體，而如何構(gòu)建良性的司法機(jī)制，既是一個(gè)理論問(wèn)題，也是構(gòu)建和諧司法環(huán)境下修辭學(xué)重返其發(fā)源地司法場(chǎng)域并發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有作用的一個(gè)迫切的現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題。我國(guó)刑事司法改革強(qiáng)調(diào)社區(qū)司法矯正功能、構(gòu)建刑事能動(dòng)司法與和諧司法等，但司法實(shí)踐中應(yīng)如何操作，操作過(guò)程中何種理論可有效解決司法現(xiàn)實(shí)中的問(wèn)題，都值得深入研究。正因如此，本文選取刑事司法這一特定“場(chǎng)域”，檢察官在法庭論辯、刑事和解以及美國(guó)辯訴交易制度中對(duì)修辭學(xué)理論的應(yīng)用視角，運(yùn)用修辭學(xué)這一“柔性”工具指導(dǎo)刑事司法實(shí)踐，以期在我國(guó)刑事司法改革中引入修辭學(xué)以填補(bǔ)理論研究的空白，帶來(lái)全新的視角，具有方法論上的意義。
[Abstract]:Rhetoric has a deep-rooted connection with public political speeches and court speeches. According to the textual research of western rhetoric historians, Western Rhetoric Originated in ancient Greece 2500 years ago, and Corax and Thesias were the earliest rhetoricians. The class of rhetoric, the wise, emerged as the times required. The representatives of the wise were Gorgia and Protagoras. The wise advocated the ultimate goal of persuading the audience by using words, so long as the hearts of the listeners were endowed with their own proof of proverbs, but the truth and falsehood of their words were not examined. Plato slammed the wise. Aristotle is a master of classical rhetoric, which lays a theoretical foundation for rhetoric. He believes that rhetoric is a universal principle and that rhetoric is rhetoric. An art, he affirmed the power of persuasion in words, and at the same time, he saved the acquisition and use of this power from the wise school's quick success and instant benefit of "carving insects" and reinjected the essence of rationalization and human culture.
The ancient Roman Empire inherited and absorbed the rhetoric theories initiated by the Greeks. The rhetoric thoughts of Cicero and Quentillan were the benchmarks of the ancient Roman rhetoric. The revival of his representative theories mainly includes Perelman's new rhetoric, Turmin's "Turmin Model", Burke's "Identity" theory, and Habermas'theory of communicative behavior and legal negotiation theory. At this time, the purpose of rhetoric turns to communication, cooperation and social harmony.
The development of western rhetoric has gone through two prosperous periods. One is the classical rhetoric represented by Aristotle; the other is the informal logic movement in the late 20th century. This paper selects the classical theories of these two periods, Aristotle's classical rhetoric theory and Perelman's new rhetoric theory. Aristotle's ancient In the theory of classical rhetoric, the means of persuading the other party to succeed in a speech are divided into man-made means and non-man-made means.Man-made means are Aristotle's logical proof (rhetorical reasoning and illustration), character proof and emotional proof.Perelman's theory of "new rhetoric" puts forward the theory of "starting point" which is accepted by the audience. Discussion and argumentation skills.
Nowadays, interpersonal communication is becoming more and more frequent and social disputes are complicated and changeable. Rhetoric is an effective way for human beings to understand and communicate, to resolve their differences and to achieve social harmony. Both Aristotle's and Perelman's rhetoric theories pay close attention to Legal Rhetoric and its application in the judicial process. In the field of criminal justice, judges, prosecutors, criminal suspects, victims and so on are the main participants in this judicial process. How to construct a benign judicial mechanism is not only a theoretical problem, but also an urgent practical problem to construct rhetoric in a harmonious judicial environment to return to its birthplace and play its due role in the judicial field. China's criminal judicial reform emphasizes the function of community Judicial Correction and the construction of criminal active justice and harmonious justice, but how to operate in judicial practice and what theory can effectively solve the problems in judicial reality in the process of operation deserve further study. From the perspective of application of rhetoric theory in argumentation, criminal reconciliation and plea bargaining system in the United States, rhetoric is used as a flexible tool to guide the practice of criminal justice, with a view to introducing rhetoric into China's criminal justice reform to fill the gaps in theoretical research and bringing a new perspective with methodological significance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D90-055;D914

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