本文選題：張之洞 + 國際公法��； 參考：《西南政法大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：張之洞作為晚清的重要大臣，親身經(jīng)歷晚清一系列重大事件，在中國近代史中是位頗有建樹的實務派官員�；谶@一重要地位，他對國際公法的認識明確影響著國際公法在其對外交涉事務的適用，，同時這種適用也是清政府高級官員對國際法的理解和適用的縮影。對于其國際公法思想的研究，可以進一步了解張之洞本人的法律思想；對其國際公法實踐的研究，我們可以進一步了解近代國際法在中國的輸入、傳播。中國現(xiàn)代改革開放后，基于平等發(fā)展，國際法對于中國的國際交往仍然非常重要。對于張之洞國際公法思想的研究，既具有學術上的研究意義，也現(xiàn)實的借鑒意義。雖然不是專業(yè)的法學家，但張之洞的國際法思想涉及內(nèi)容豐富，具有鮮明的時代特征和自身特色。鑒于目前學界對張之洞的國際公法思想及其應用涉及甚少，因此，本文擬從張之洞國際公法思想產(chǎn)生的背景、張之洞國際公法思想的主要內(nèi)容及張之洞國際公法思想的實踐等方面對張之洞換的國際公法思想進行梳理。 全文由引言、正文和結語三個部份組成。引論部份介紹主題、研究價值、研究現(xiàn)狀、存在問題、研究方法及所采用的資料等問題。正文是文章的主體部份：主要從以下三個方面展開論述： 第一大部份，主要分析了張之洞國際公法思想形成的社會背景。清中后期，列強以武力打開中國大門，隨著侵略的加深，中國自主之權不斷喪失，中國有識之士不斷地探索中國擺脫列強，走上自立自強之路的途徑。在這種社會背景下，張之洞的國際法思想隨著對社會現(xiàn)狀的認識而理解不斷加深。清末,從林則徐開始，已經(jīng)有官員認識到國際法譯書的重要。從《萬國公法》開始，清政府設立譯書館，地方開始建立大量翻譯機構并培養(yǎng)了一大批翻譯人才，這些人后來對于國際法輸入有重要影響。張之洞的國際法知識的重要來源之一就在于譯書，從以后他對國際交涉事務的依據(jù)和應用來看，這些譯書對他及清政府官員的影響不僅限于我們目前的認識。張之洞的國際公法思想的形成與其與中外高級政府官員的密切交往有關，以及受早期維新派及留洋官員的主權、國際法思想等的重大影響。同時，與洋人的交往也是他國際公法思想形成的重要途徑。而張之洞所受的深刻的中國傳統(tǒng)文化教育，如儒家的尊王、等級、�？捉獭⒔�(jīng)世致用思想，也滲透于其對外交涉事務中，限制了張之洞在國際公法的進一步理解。 第二大部份主要闡述了張之洞國際公法思想的主要內(nèi)容。首先是張之洞的主權思想。張之洞所處的時代，是中國傳統(tǒng)儒學僵硬，清政府國門被迫打開國力隨著西方列強的入侵而逐漸衰落之時，中國原先獨立自主的完整主權逐漸被剝奪。張之洞目睹中國受辱，作為國際公法上獨立自強標志的“主權”概念首先成為他關注的重點，而維護主權也成為他國際公法思想的基礎。其次是張之洞的條約守約思想。清政府雖與洋人很早以前就有來往，但西方列強在鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后將獲取的利益以不平等條約的方式確定下來，清政府在無奈之下接受了西方“條約必守的規(guī)則”。隨著國力日衰，這條原則不僅成了西方列強確定利益、強迫侵略的手段，同時也成為清政府引用國際法規(guī)定西方列強在中國的權利的依據(jù)。第三是關于國際法效力依據(jù)。張之洞認為國家意志是國際法的決定因素。據(jù)此，張之洞對國際法的效力也有比較清醒的認識，同時較為客觀的理解國際法效力。他認為國家間的實力更為重要。沒有國家的強大，沒有兵力的保障，國際法也只能是空談。 第三部份主要講述了張之洞國際公法的實踐。在張之洞的國際公法的實踐中主要涉及主權、利權的維護，租界問題，內(nèi)河行船問題；守約問題；外交手段與國際法的結合以及從遠交近攻到羈縻制衡；締結條約結交強援等。同時，他認為海難救助也是遵守條約，人道主義的思想表現(xiàn)等。 結語部份，主要考察了張之洞國際公法思想的積極方面以及張之洞對國際法認識的不足等問題。
[Abstract]:As an important Minister of the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong experienced a series of major events in the late Qing Dynasty and was a practical official in modern Chinese history. Based on this important position, his understanding of international public law clearly affects the application of international public law in its foreign affairs, and this application is also a senior official of the Qing government to the country. The study of international public law thought can further understand Zhang Zhidong's own legal thoughts, and we can further understand the input and dissemination of modern international law in China. After the reform and release of modern China, the international law is based on the international law for China. International communication is still very important. The study of Zhang Zhidong's international public law thought has both academic and practical significance. Although it is not a professional jurist, Zhang Zhidong's ideas of international law are rich in content, with distinctive features of the times and self characteristics. In view of the current academic community of Zhang Zhidong's international public The idea of law and its application are rarely involved. Therefore, this article is to sort out the international public law thought of Zhang Zhidong from the background of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law, the main content of Zhang Zhidong's thought of public international law and the practice of Zhang Zhidong's international public law.
The full text is composed of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introductory part introduces the theme, research value, research status, existing problems, research methods and the data used. The main body is the main part of the article: mainly from the following three aspects:
The first part is the main analysis of the social background of the formation of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the powers opened the door to China by force. With the deepening of the aggression, the power of China's autonomy ceased to lose. The Chinese people of insight constantly explored the way to get rid of the powers of China and embark on the way of self-reliance. Under this social background Zhang Zhi The idea of international law of the cave deepened with the understanding of the social situation. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, from the beginning of Lin Zexu, officials had realized the importance of international law translation. From the beginning of the "universal law", the Qing government set up a translation library, and the local began to establish a large number of translation institutions and trained a large number of translators. These people later on international law One of the important sources of input is that one of the important sources of Zhang Zhidong's knowledge of international law lies in the translation of books. From the perspective of his future basis and application to international negotiation, the influence of these translations on his and the officials of the Qing government is not limited to our current understanding. The formation of Zhang Zhidong's Thoughts on international public law and with the senior government officials from China and foreign countries Close contacts, as well as the important influence of the Early Reformers and the sovereignty of the foreign officials, and the thought of international law. At the same time, the communication with the foreigners is also an important way of the formation of his international public law thought. And Zhang Zhidong's profound Chinese traditional culture education, such as the Confucian respecting the king, the rank, the Confucianist education, the thinking of the world, is also permeated. Zhang Zhidong's understanding of international public law is limited in his foreign negotiations.
The second main part mainly expounds the main content of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law. First of all, it is Zhang Zhidong's thought of sovereignty. The time of Zhang Zhidong is the rigid Chinese traditional Confucianism, and the national power of the Qing government is forced to open its national strength to decline gradually with the invasion of the Western powers, and the original and independent complete sovereignty of China is gradually deprived. Zhang Zhidong witnessed the humiliation of China. The concept of "sovereignty" as a symbol of independence and self-reliance on public international law became the focus of his attention first. And the maintenance of sovereignty became the basis of his thought of international public law. Secondly, Zhang Zhidong's Treaty of conservation thought. Although the Qing government had been with the Westerners very early, the Western powers will be captured after the Opium War. The interests were determined in the way of unequal treaties. The Qing government accepted the rules of the western "treaty must be kept" under the helplessness of the Qing Dynasty. With the decline of national strength, this principle not only became the means to determine interests and invade the Western powers, but also became the basis for the Qing government to quote the rights of the Western powers in China by the government of the Qing Dynasty. The three is the basis for the effectiveness of international law. Zhang Zhidong believes that state will is a decisive factor in international law. Accordingly, Zhang Zhidong has a more sober understanding of the effectiveness of international law and a more objective understanding of the effectiveness of international law. He believes that the strength of the state is more important. It's an empty talk.
The third part mainly tells the practice of Zhang Zhidong's international public law. In the practice of Zhang Zhidong's international public law, it mainly involves the sovereignty, the maintenance of the right of interest, the issue of the concession, the problem of the inland watercraft, the issue of abiding, the combination of diplomatic means and international law, and from the far reaching to the restraint of restraint; and the conclusion of the treaty intersection. At the same time, he believes that Salvage at sea also complied with the treaty, humanitarianism and so on.
The conclusion part mainly inspects the positive aspects of Zhang Zhidong's thought of international public law and the insufficiency of Zhang Zhidong's understanding of international law.

【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D909.2

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