本文選題：憲政改革 + 民主化�。� 參考：《華東政法大學》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：經(jīng)過弗朗哥統(tǒng)治時期兩個階段的經(jīng)濟振興,西班牙從一個農(nóng)業(yè)國轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣I(yè)國,旅游業(yè)帶動了第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,加之對外輸出的勞工每年向國內(nèi)匯入大量外匯,西班牙成為世界富裕國家之一,出現(xiàn)了一個渴望通過和平方式完成民主化轉(zhuǎn)型的社會力量,在領(lǐng)導層也出現(xiàn)了自由主義傾向,三位經(jīng)濟部長的上任等人事變動以及西班牙與美國的盟友關(guān)系都極大削弱了長槍黨人的勢力�！蹲诮套杂煞ā�、《新聞出版法》、《刑法典》都在弗朗哥統(tǒng)治的末期得到修訂,預示著民主化改革的端倪。 1975年11月1日弗朗哥去世,胡安·卡洛斯繼位成為國王,西班牙人民急切地渴望政治體制改革,在民主制度下對國家的政治安排行使決定權(quán),卡洛斯國王順應(yīng)民意任命蘇亞雷茲為西班牙首相,任命民主主義人士在政府中擔任要職,為西班牙政權(quán)向民主化過渡做出必要的人事準備,以便著手推動憲政改革。蘇亞雷茲上臺后,起草了《政府改革法》提交議會審議,宣布工人社會黨和西班牙共產(chǎn)黨等左翼反對派的合法性,對軍隊也作出了一定的人事調(diào)整。1976年底,《政府改革法》獲得議會和全民公決的通過,確立了成立一個兩院制的議會,并由經(jīng)大選產(chǎn)生的議會起草一部確立民主政體的新憲法的兩部走方略。1977年6月,以首相蘇亞雷茲為首的“民主中心聯(lián)盟”贏得大選,占參、眾兩院多數(shù)議席。隨后新選舉產(chǎn)生的議會開始制定憲法。1978年12月6日,全民公決以88%的贊成票通過了憲法,西班牙政治進入一個新的時代。 《1978年西班牙王國憲法》的頒布意味著弗朗哥獨裁體制在西班牙的終結(jié),民主政體由此誕生。該憲法規(guī)定西班牙的國家主權(quán)屬于人民,政體是議會君主制,國王為虛位君主,代表國家卻不享有實權(quán)。西班牙設(shè)立參、眾兩院制議會,兩院各自獨立又相互制衡。憲法設(shè)專章概括和列舉公民的基本權(quán)利和自由,與《世界人權(quán)宣言》所宣揚的人權(quán)保障理念保持高度的一致。與此同時,憲法對基本權(quán)利的保護設(shè)立了保護性上訴程序,公民在基本權(quán)利受侵害時有權(quán)通過司法程序要求權(quán)利的恢復,該程序最終是由獨立的憲法法院提供保障的。憲法規(guī)定政府由首相、副首相、大臣和法律規(guī)定的任何其他成員組成,首相的權(quán)力是建立在議會信任的基礎(chǔ)之上的,其主要職責是領(lǐng)導政府和協(xié)調(diào)各成員的工作。西班牙設(shè)立憲法法院保障憲法的運行。 1986年,西班牙加入歐共體,這代表著西班牙的政治制度獲得歐洲民主國家的認同,西班牙正式完成了“從法律通過法律到法律”的民主化轉(zhuǎn)型。
[Abstract]:After the two stages of economic revitalization during Franco's reign, Spain changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country. Tourism led to the development of the tertiary industry. In addition, the foreign workers exported to the country poured in a large amount of foreign exchange every year.Spain has become one of the richest countries in the world, with a social force that aspires to democratic transition through peaceful means, and a liberal tendency in the leadership.The changes in the three economic ministers and Spain's alliance with the United States have greatly weakened the power of the Lance Gun. The Freedom of Religion Act, the Press and publication Act, and the Penal Code were all revised in the late days of Franco's rule.Foreshadowing the beginning of democratic reform.When Franco died on 1 November 1975, Juan Carlos became king, and the Spanish people were eager to reform the political system and exercise the right to decide the political arrangements of the country under a democratic system.King Carlos responded to public opinion by appointing Suarez as Spanish prime minister, appointing Democrats to important positions in the government, and making the necessary personnel preparations for the transition of the Spanish regime to democratization in order to proceed with constitutional reform.After Suarez came to power, he drafted a "government reform law" to be submitted to Parliament for consideration, declaring the legitimacy of the left-wing opposition, such as the Socialist Party of Workers and the Spanish Communist Party.At the end of 1976, the "Government Reform Law" was passed by Parliament and a referendum, establishing a bicameral parliament.In June 1977, the "Democratic Center Alliance", headed by Prime Minister Suarez, won the general election, which occupied the Senate and the House of Representatives.On December 6, 1978, the Constitution was adopted by a referendum of 88%, and Spanish politics entered a new era.The promulgation of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain in 1978 marked the end of Franco dictatorship in Spain and the birth of democracy.The Constitution states that the sovereignty of Spain belongs to the people, that the government is a parliamentary monarchy, that the king is a hypocratic monarch, and that he represents the country but does not have real power.Spain has a Senate, a bicameral parliament, each independent and checks and balances.The Constitution has a special chapter outlining and enumerating the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, which is highly consistent with the concept of human rights protection proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.At the same time, the Constitution establishes a protective appeal procedure for the protection of fundamental rights, and citizens have the right to claim the restoration of their rights through judicial proceedings when their fundamental rights are infringed, which is ultimately guaranteed by an independent Constitutional Court.The Constitution provides that the Government shall be composed of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister, the Minister and any other member prescribed by law. The powers of the Prime Minister shall be based on the trust of Parliament, and its main functions shall be to lead the Government and to coordinate the work of the members.Spain set up a Constitutional Court to guarantee the operation of the Constitution.In 1986, Spain joined the European Community, which represented the recognition of Spain's political system by European democracies, and Spain officially completed the democratic transition from law to law.
【學位授予單位】：華東政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D909.9

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本文編號：1756725