發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-14 12:32

  本文選題：民國新疆　切入點(diǎn)：刑事司法　出處：《中國政法大學(xué)》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：新疆作為多民族、多宗教、多文化地區(qū),歷史上有很多獨(dú)具特色的法律制度。國時(shí)期,是新疆刑事司法制度逐步向近代化轉(zhuǎn)型的重要時(shí)期,在傳統(tǒng)刑律思想、伊斯蘭教法、民族習(xí)慣法外,逐步建立近代刑事司法制度,在新疆法制史上具有重要意義。 新疆法制近代化的特征主要表現(xiàn)在三個方面：獨(dú)立司法系統(tǒng)的建立,近代刑法具體制度、概念的運(yùn)用,近代刑事訴訟制度的確立。在司法系統(tǒng)方面,經(jīng)歷了行政兼理司法,獨(dú)立司法機(jī)構(gòu)的過渡形式——司法公署和司法處,最后形成新疆高等法院、高等法院分院、地方法院的法院體系。在刑法制度方而,新疆尊奉中央法統(tǒng),在司法審判中按北京政府、南京國民政府的法律制度進(jìn)行,對疑難案件上報(bào)中央司法機(jī)關(guān)作出解釋,死刑上報(bào)復(fù)核。新疆司法機(jī)構(gòu)在審理刑事案件中引入了近代刑法原則,在司法指導(dǎo)思想上有了新的變革,使用新的刑事概念、罪名體系、刑罰原則,推動了新疆刑事司法的近代化。在訴訟程序方而,建立了公訴制度、上訴制度,重視證據(jù)規(guī)則、因果關(guān)系的運(yùn)用,推動了新疆刑事司法的近代化。 但是受制于當(dāng)時(shí)新疆的政治體制、文化傳統(tǒng)、社會環(huán)境等因素影響,刑事司法近代化的進(jìn)程是非常不徹底的。民國時(shí)期新疆孤懸塞外,中央政府無暇西顧,楊增新、金樹仁、盛世才等統(tǒng)治者大權(quán)獨(dú)攬,任意干預(yù)司法。楊增新統(tǒng)治時(shí)期,司法由行政兼理,都督府對重大刑事案件都要進(jìn)行審查,案件審理的最終決定權(quán)完全掌握在楊增新手中。盛世才為了實(shí)現(xiàn)獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治,多次發(fā)動大規(guī)模的陰謀暴動案,法律規(guī)范被完全踐踏,司法程序被徹底破壞 新疆司法建設(shè)緩慢,楊增新執(zhí)政時(shí)期要求緩設(shè)審檢兩廳,實(shí)行行政兼理司法,到1929年新疆才成立高等法院。1934年盛世才執(zhí)政后,提出加強(qiáng)司法建設(shè),但是用了10年之久,只設(shè)立迪化等6處地方法院。到解放前夕,新疆省有79個縣局,成立的地方法院只有21個,未成立獨(dú)立司法機(jī)構(gòu)的地方仍然由行政兼理司法。同時(shí)司法人員缺乏,專業(yè)素質(zhì)不高,司法工作水平較低。 由于新疆是少數(shù)民族聚居地區(qū),民族習(xí)慣法、宗教法仍然在刑事司法領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮一定作用。楊增新統(tǒng)治時(shí)期實(shí)行牽制與羈縻的民族政策。為拉攏新疆各族上層,對維護(hù)王公貴族利益的司法習(xí)慣聽之任之。哈密回王宗教法庭的刑事司法權(quán)直到1934年改土歸流后才被廢止。在區(qū)革命政府的司法系統(tǒng)中,也建立了宗教法庭。此外,南疆許多地方的農(nóng)奴制莊園經(jīng)濟(jì)一直殘留到解放前,在官府的默許和縱容下,農(nóng)奴主對農(nóng)奴濫用私刑。這些都使得民國新疆刑事司法制度獨(dú)具特色。
[Abstract]:Xinjiang, as a multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multicultural region, has many unique legal systems in its history. The period of the state was an important period in which the criminal justice system in Xinjiang gradually changed to modernization. In the traditional criminal law ideology, Islamic law, Besides the national customary law, the establishment of modern criminal justice system is of great significance in the history of Xinjiang's legal system. The characteristics of the modernization of Xinjiang legal system are mainly manifested in three aspects: the establishment of independent judicial system, the concrete system of modern criminal law, the application of concept, the establishment of modern criminal procedure system. The transitional form of the independent judiciary-the Judicial Office and the Judicial Office-finally formed the court system of the Xinjiang High Court, the Superior Court Branch, and the Local Court. On the side of the criminal law system, Xinjiang respected the central legal system. In the judicial trial, according to the legal system of the Beijing Government and the Nanjing National Government, the difficult cases were reported to the central judicial organs for explanation, and the death penalty was reported to the judicial organs for review. The Xinjiang judicial organs introduced the principles of modern criminal law in the trial of criminal cases. New changes have taken place in the judicial guiding ideology. The use of new criminal concepts, charge systems, and penal principles has promoted the modernization of criminal justice in Xinjiang. On the procedural side, the public prosecution system, the appeal system and the rules of evidence have been established. The use of causality promotes the modernization of criminal justice in Xinjiang. But under the influence of the political system, cultural tradition and social environment of Xinjiang at that time, the process of modernization of criminal justice was extremely incomplete. During the period of the Republic of China, the central government had no time to look west, Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren, The rulers such as Sheng Shicai monopolized power and arbitrarily interfered in the administration of justice. During the period of Yang Zengxin's rule, the administration of justice was both administratively and administratively administered, and all government offices had to review major criminal cases. The final decision to hear the case rests entirely in the hands of Yang Zengxin. Sheng Shicai, in order to realize dictatorship, has repeatedly launched a large-scale conspiracy and riot case, the legal norms have been completely trampled on, and the judicial process has been thoroughly destroyed. The judicial construction in Xinjiang was slow. During Yang Zengxin's ruling period, Yang Zengxin requested that the two departments of trial and procuratorate be postponed to implement both administrative and judicial functions. The High Court was not set up until 1929. After Sheng Shicai came to power in 1934, he proposed to strengthen judicial construction, but it took 10 years. Only 6 local courts, such as Dehua, were set up. On the eve of liberation, there were 79 county bureaus in Xinjiang Province, and only 21 local courts were set up. Where an independent judicial organ was not established, the administration and administration of justice were still in place. At the same time, there was a lack of judicial personnel. Professional quality is not high, the level of judicial work is low. As Xinjiang is a region inhabited by ethnic minorities, ethnic customary law and religious law still play a certain role in the criminal justice field. During the period of Yang Zengxin's rule, he implemented a national policy of containment and Jimi, in order to win over the upper strata of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. The criminal jurisdiction of Hami Hui King's religious Court was not abolished until 1934, when it was reorganized. In the judicial system of the district revolutionary government, religious courts were also established. The serfdom manor economy in many parts of southern Xinjiang remained until the liberation, with the acquiescence and connivance of the government, serf owners abused the lynchings of serfs, which made the criminal justice system of the Republic of Xinjiang unique.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D929;D927;D925.2

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